Table 3.
ECM polymers, ECM-derived peptides and growth factor-derived peptides used in bone biomaterials.
| Types | Source | Itg. Spec. | MW (kD) | Sequence | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In vitro | In vivo | ||||||||
| Adhesion/ diff. | Ectopic bone | Cranio-facial defect | Long bone defect | Implant integration | |||||
| Full-length natural polymers | |||||||||
| Collagen | Animal | ~300 | [78] | [76–77] | [72–75] | ||||
| Fibrin | Animal | ~340 | [79–82] | ||||||
| DCM | Animal | [87] | [88] | ||||||
| BSP | Animal | ~30–80 | [89] | ||||||
| ECM-derived peptides | |||||||||
| RGD (linear) | Many | αvβ3 , others | ~1 | [104–105], [109] | |||||
| RGD (cyclic) | Many | αvβ3, others | ~1 | [75], [103], [106–108] | |||||
| GFOGER | Col I | α2β1 | ~13.5 | GGYGGGPC(GPP)5GFOGER(GPP)5GPC/GPC(GPP)5GFOGER(GPP)5GPC | [136–138], [140] | [99] | [138] | ||
| P15 | Col I | α2β1 | ~1.5 | GTPGPQGIAGQRGVV | [140], [144], [146] | [100], [147–149] | [150] | ||
| DGEA | Col I | ~0.5 | DGEA | [47], [142] | |||||
| FNIII7-10 | FN | α5β1 | ~55 | [97], [110], [114] | [110], [114] | ||||
| FNIII9-10 | FN | α2β1 | [64] | ||||||
| RGD-PHSRN | FN | ~1.5 | RGDG13PHSRN/ G3PHSRNG6RGDG | [115–116] | |||||
| FHRRIKA | BSP | ~1 | CGGFHRRIKA | [117–121] | |||||
| KRSR | FN, VN, BSP,TN, OPN | ~0.5–0.9 | KRSR/ KRSRGYC | [122–126] | |||||
| BSP (278– 293) | BSP | ~2 | YESENGEPRGDNYRAYC | [127] | |||||
| (351–359) HVP | VN | ~1 | FRHRNRKGY | [128–129], [131] | [128], [130] | ||||
| ODP | OPN | ~1.5 | DVDVPDGRGDSLAYG | [132] | |||||
| HBP12 | Heparin | ~1.5 | VRRSKHGARKDR | [133] | |||||
| Growth-factor derived peptides | |||||||||
| p24 | BMP-2 (73–92) | ~2.5 | SKIPKASSVPTELSAISTLYLDDD/KIPKASSVPTELSAISTLYL | [157–158] | [155–157], [159] | [155,] [160–161] | |||
| OPD | BMP-2 (30–34) | ~0.5 | DWIVA | [162] | |||||
Itg. Spec.– Integrin Specificity, MW (kD) –Molecular Weight (kiloDaltons), Adhesion/Diff. –Adhesion/ Differentiation, HA –Hyaluronic Acid, DCM –Decellularized Matrix, BSP –Bone Sialoprotein, Col I –Collagen I, FN –Fibronectin, VN –Vitronectin, TN –Thrombospondin, OPN – Osteopontin, BMP –Bone Morphogenic Protein.