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. 2011 Mar 10;7(3):e1001311. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001311

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain declaration, which stipulates that, once placed in the public domain, this work may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.

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HEK293 cells were infected with CVB3 (1 PFU/cell) for 8 hrs or treated with poly I:C conjugated to transfection reagent [poly I:C/LyoVec (100 ng/mL)] for 12 hrs and (A) fixed and stained for virus (VP1, red) and IRF3 (green) or (B) western blot analysis for IRF3 performed on nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. (C) Luciferase assays (expressed in relative luciferase activity) from HEK293 cells transfected with NFκB and IFNβ promoted luciferase constructs and infected with CVB3 (8 hrs) or treated with 100 ng/mL poly I:C/LyoVec for 12 hrs. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. Asterisks indicate p-values of ≤0.05. (D) Luciferase assay (expressed in relative luciferase activity) from HEK293 cells transfected with the indicated constructs and IFNβ promoted luciferase constructs for 24 hrs and then infected with CVB3 (1 PFU/cell) for 14 hrs. (E), IFNβ production as measured by ELISA from HEK293, HeLa, or Caco-2 cell culture supernatants infected with either CVB3 (3PFU/cell) or VSV (5PFU/cell) for the indicated times. Data are shown as the fold IFNβ induction compared to no virus (NoV) controls. Data in (D) and (E) shown as mean ± standard deviation. Asterisks indicate p-values ≤0.05.