The effect of concomitant electroconvulsive (ECT) treatment on phospho-Ser-GSK3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of bipolar manic subjects. (A) Phospho-Ser21-GSK3α and (B) phospho-Ser9-GSK3β from PBMCs of 47 bipolar manic subjects who were grouped by without ECT (n = 27) and with ECT (n = 20) treatment. Values are expressed as ‘% Week 0’. Mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05 in ANOVA when post-treatment values are compared to Week 0. (C) Phospho-Ser9-GSK3β from lithium + olanzapine treated subjects who had no ECT treatment (n = 10 at Week 4, and n = 6 at Week 8) was compared to those who received concomitant ECT treatment (n = 10 at Week 4, and n = 7 at Week 8). Values are expressed as ‘% Week 0’, Mean ± SEM, **p < 0.05 in independent sample t-test when without-ECT treatment group was compared to with-ECT treatment group. (D) The ratio of phospho-Ser9-GSK3β to total GSK3β in lithium + olanzapine treated subjects. Mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05 in ANOVA when post-treatment values are compared to Week 0.