Table 3.
Associations between psychiatric diagnoses and gambling severity among black and white respondents.
| Black respondents |
White respondents |
Interaction (black vs. white) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychiatric Diagnoses | OR for LRG vs. NG | OR for PPG vs. NG | OR for LRG vs. NG | OR for PPG vs. NG | OR for LRG vs. NG | OR for PPG vs. NG |
| Any Axis I disorder | 2.17*** | 8.89*** | 2.08*** | 6.89*** | 1.11(0.17) | 1.27(0.58) |
| Any mood disorder | 1.69*** | 5.86*** | 1.15* | 2.59*** | 1.38(0.01)* | 2.09(0.07) |
| Major depression | 1.47* | 3.55** | 1.01 | 1.90* | 1.33(0.07) | 1.67(0.31) |
| Dysthymia | 1.22 | 6.82*** | 1.14 | 2.43 | 0.99(0.97) | 2.53(0.22) |
| Mania | 2.49*** | 12.86*** | 1.47** | 4.12** | 1.67(0.06) | 3.06(0.07) |
| Hypomania | 2.85*** | 0.41 | 1.62** | 2.02 | 1.77(0.04)* | 0.20(0.2) |
| Any anxiety disorder | 1.62*** | 4.26*** | 1.29*** | 3.26*** | 1.13(0.24) | 1.16(0.71) |
| Panic disorder w/ or w/o agoraphobia | 1.93** | 1.68 | 1.19 | 3.82** | 1.46(0.14) | 0.39(0.39) |
| Social phobia | 2.03** | 3.92 | 1.16 | 2.46** | 1.62(0.05) | 1.46(0.65) |
| Simple phobia | 1.52*** | 3.60*** | 1.38*** | 3.34*** | 0.99(0.93) | 0.97(0.95) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.30 | 5.61** | 1.21 | 4.00** | 0.97(0.92) | 1.23(0.75) |
| Any substance use disorder | 2.57*** | 4.17*** | 2.33*** | 6.74*** | 1.20 (0.02)* | 0.65(0.31) |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 2.47*** | 4.27*** | 2.15*** | 6.21*** | 1.27(0.12) | 0.78(0.54) |
| Drug abuse/dependence | 2.96*** | 3.38* | 2.23*** | 2.90* | 1.44(0.14) | 1.35(0.65) |
| Nicotine dependence | 1.98*** | 3.13*** | 1.94*** | 7.14*** | 1.05(0.68) | 0.45(0.05) |
| Any Axis II disorder | 1.66*** | 7.19*** | 1.54*** | 6.13*** | 1.09(0.36) | 1.19(0.65) |
| Any Cluster A | 1.59*** | 5.42*** | 1.41*** | 5.22*** | 1.11(0.38) | 0.99(0.98) |
| Paranoid | 1.85*** | 7.36*** | 1.38*** | 6.90*** | 1.30(0.07) | 1.03(0.95) |
| Schizoid | 1.36* | 5.92*** | 1.48*** | 5.88*** | 0.92(0.63) | 1.01(0.98) |
| Any Cluster B | 2.27*** | 8.45*** | 1.90*** | 6.58*** | 1.30(0.12) | 1.38(0.4) |
| Histrionic | 1.90* | 4.22*** | 1.40** | 8.06*** | 1.36(0.21) | 0.53(0.19) |
| Antisocial | 2.24*** | 8.54*** | 2.13*** | 6.91*** | 1.20(0.34) | 1.39(0.48) |
| Any Cluster C | 1.52*** | 5.71*** | 1.37*** | 3.59*** | 1.09(0.49) | 1.57(0.23) |
| Avoidant | 1.55 | 4.41** | 0.93 | 2.84** | 1.58(0.09) | 1.44(1.54) |
| Dependent | 1.27 | 8.85*** | 1.02 | 3.33 | 1.19(0.77) | 2.51(0.26) |
| Obsessive-compulsive | 1.45** | 6.02*** | 1.44*** | 4.03*** | 1.01(0.94) | 1.49(0.29) |
NG = no gambling or low-frequency gambling group; LRG = low-risk or at-risk gambling group; PPG = problem or pathological gambling group. Adjusted for age, gender, marital status, income, education, and employment.
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.