Table 3.

Multilevel Model Results

	Parenting burden			Closeness to son/daughter
	Coefficient	SE	t ratio	Coefficient	SE	t ratio
Intercept	34.04	0.71	48.22***	44.39	0.56	79.59***
Parent characteristics
Parent gender (PG)	1.22	1.71	0.72	−3.89	1.84	−2.11*
Marital satisfaction	−0.11	0.04	−2.97**	0.07	0.04	1.94
Education	0.60	1.47	1.42	1.55	1.25	0.64
PG × Marital Satisfaction	−0.02	0.02	−1.07	0.05	0.02	2.20*
Child characteristics
Age	−0.33	0.10	−3.24**	0.08	0.10	0.75
Gender	−0.04	1.60	−0.03	0.09	1.30	0.07
Intellectual disability	2.77	1.65	1.67	0.70	1.27	0.55
Health	−2.00	1.40	−1.43	2.26	0.84	2.70**
Autism symptoms	0.10	0.09	1.12	−0.17	0.07	−2.27*
Time spent out of the   family home	−1.05	0.64	−1.65	0.35	0.50	0.50
PG × Age	0.05	0.05	0.96	0.13	0.06	2.30*
PG × Health	−1.11	0.56	−2.00*	0.82	0.58	1.42
PG × Time spent out of  the family home	−0.50	0.33	−1.48	1.15	0.38	3.07**

Note. The pseudo R² statistics were .30 for parenting burden and .32 for closeness with the son or daughter with an autism spectrum disorder. We reran the model with the inclusion of household income as a Level 2 indicator of socioeconomic status; there was not a significant main effect of household income for parenting burden (coefficient = 0.72, SE = 1.20, t ratio = 0.69) or closeness to the son/daughter (coefficient = 1.23, SE = 1.24, t ratio = 0.98), and other findings did not differ.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001. Boldfaced numbers also denote statistical significance.