Table 2. Goodness-of-Fit Model Comparison Among Alternative Bivariate Models of Perceived Control and Health, Using 15.5-Year Americans' Changing Lives Sample, With and Without Additionally Including Education, Gender, Physical Activities, Memory, Social Support, and Depressive Symptoms.

Model	χ2	df	Δ χ2/df	CFI	RMSEA
	Zero-order model
Bidirectional
Full Coupling	127.22	47	–	0.99	0.03
Equal Coupling	139.14	49	11.92 (2)*	0.99	0.03
No direction
No Coupling	136.39	51	9.17 (4)*	0.99	0.03
Unidirectional
Coupling γperceived control → health = 0	135.29	49	8.07 (2)*	0.99	0.03
Coupling γhealth → perceived control = 0	128.66	49	1.44 (2)	0.99	0.03
	Education, gender, memory, physical activities, memory, social support, and depressive symptoms included
Bidirectional
Full Coupling	662.84	101	–	0.94	0.06
Equal Coupling	665.32	103	2.48 (2)	0.94	0.06
No direction
No Coupling	668.57	105	5.73 (4)	0.94	0.06
Unidirectional
Coupling γperceived control → health = 0	667.16	103	4.32 (2)	0.94	0.06
Coupling γhealth → perceived control = 0	663.99	103	1.15 (2)	0.94	0.06

Note. Midlife (aged 25 – 64, n = 2,364); Old Age (aged 65 + years, n = 1,238). CFI = Comparative Fit Index. RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation.

^*p < .05 or below.