Table 2.

Subtypes of aggressive behavior.

	Proactive	Reactive
Aim	Purposeful and goal-directed	Not goal-directed
Behavioral characteristic	Instrumental, controlled	Impulsive, deficient control mechanisms
Time perspective	Long, planned	Sudden outburst
Maintenance	Positive reinforcement (aggressive behavior is reinforced through its benefit)	Negative reinforcement (provocation/threat is reduced through aggressive behavior)
Emotional reactivity	Callous-unemotional, low empathy lack of emotion, lack of guilt	Hot-tempered (anger, fear to provocation)
Physiological reactivity (heart rate, electrodermal activity, cortisol)	Low reactivity	High reactivity
Neural correlates	Low responsiveness of the amygdale, insular cortex	Deficient activation of inhibiting neural structures
Responsible transmitter system	Reduced norepinephrine function	Reduced serotonin function
Social cognitive processing	Deficient response access and response decision (lack in conscience development)	Deficient social information processing (hostile attribution bias)