Table 1.

Synaptic injury in MS and relevant disease models.

Disease/Model	Evidence of synaptic injury	Reference(s)
Multiple sclerosis	Axonal transection	Trapp et al. (1998)
Multiple sclerosis	Reduced synaptophysin as measured by immunoautoradiography	Wegner et al. (2006)
EAE	Reduced synaptic density as assessed by Golgi staining and quantification. Exercise ameliorated this effect	Rossi et al. (2009)
EAE	Reduced synaptophysin, synapsin 1 and PSD-95 immunoreactivity that correlated with inflammatory cell infiltration	Zhu et al. (2003)
EAE	Inflammatory cell infiltration with AMPA type glutamate receptor phosphorylation and AMPA receptor-dependent synaptopathy	Centonze et al. (2009)
EAE	Alterations in excitatory transmission as determined by excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) recordings	Centonze et al. (2007)
Focal cortical inflammation via intracerebral injection of killed bacteria	Synaptic stripping/microglial cell infiltration of synaptic space	Trapp et al. (2007)