Table 1.

Baseline characteristic of three cohorts of participants

	Normal controls		Newly diagnosed patients with diabetes		Patients with long-standing diabetes (diabetes duration ≥5 years)
	Male (n = 18)	Female (n = 18)	Male (n = 18)	Female (n = 18)	Male (n = 18)	Female (n = 19)
Age (years)	48.11 ± 8.44	47.72 ± 7.75	49.22 ± 10.11	49.11 ± 9.08	49.50 ± 9.85	49.52 ± 9.71
BMI (%)	26.58 ± 2.30	26.21 ± 3.92	26.03 ± 3.22	30.64 ± 4.30**	28.04 ± 5.71	29.53 ± 4.80
FBS (mg/dl)	91.05 ± 6.27	90.16 ± 8.24	188.05 ± 46.89	186.38 ± 45.23	191.72 ± 92.03	224.15 ± 63.88
HbA1c (%)			8.07 ± 2.26	8.28 ± 1.73	7.81 ± 1.946	8.95 ± 2.00
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	161.22 ± 64.54	130.05 ± 49.84	243.83 ± 194.81	183.66 ± 56.82	197.56 ± 85.30	261.42 ± 158.60
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	195.94 ± 37.52	204.77 ± 51.50	202.50 ± 47.00	200.94 ± 29.83	190.77 ± 43.71	213.47 ± 48.73
HDL (mg/dl)	40.77 ± 12.03	50.77 ± 10.14*	41.77 ± 6.44	43.33 ± 12.25	39.00 ± 10.58	45.73 ± 12.30
LDL (mg/dl)	108.16 ± 22.99	104.11 ± 27.83	118.44 ± 32.13	114.81 ± 18.58	98.00 ± 30.17	101.78 ± 24.66
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	119.44 ± 14.33	120.83 ± 8.44	129.11 ± 17.69	121.38 ± 14.63	125.27 ± 25.11	128.68 ± 19.0
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	77.50 ± 6.91	80.00 ± 7.66	83.05 ± 11.38	76.94 ± 9.41	74.72 ± 11.17	81.84 ± 10.16
HSP70 (ng/ml)	0.26 [0.22–0.30]	0.20 [0.18–0.33]	0.46 [0.36–0.61]	0.41 [0.36–0.62]	0.65 [0.49–0.73]	0.8* [0.74–1.03]
OX-LDL (U/L)	40.0 [37.6–46.17]	41.5 [38.2–47.6]	45.00 [40.5–49.1]	48 [40.7–49.6]	84.00 [78.5–89.0]	81.00 [74.9–85.6]
Ox-LDL/LDL	0.39 [0.34–0.47]	0.40 [0.37–0.49]	0.40 [0.34–0.45]	0.41 [0.35–0.48]	0.86 [0.78–1.11]	0.74 [0.70–0.85]

Variables distributed normally are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, otherwise median [interquartile range]

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, when comparing men and women