Table 2.

Clinical and biological characteristics of subjects before and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.

		After bypass
Clinical and biological parameters	Before bypass	3 months	6 months	12 months	p-Valuea
Adiposity markers
Body weight (kg)	130 ± 2.98	110.06 ± 2.60	99.93 ± 2.32	93.01 ± 2.48	< 0.0001
Resting energy expenditure (Kcal/24 hr)	1955.3 ± 49.8	NA	1604.7 ± 34.52	1582.4 ± 42.12	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)	47.77 ± 0.79	40.28 ± 0.73	37.61 ± 0.70	34.03 ± 0.72	< 0.0001
Adipocyte diameter (μm)	115.46 ± 2.14	110.14 ± 2.24	105.53 ± 1.20	97.88 ± 1.73	< 0.0001
Fat mass (kg)	58.21 ± 1.46	48.26 ± 1.42	41.01 ± 1.31	33.31 ± 1.48	< 0.0001
Fat-free mass (kg)	62.84 ± 1.46	57.83 ± 1.46	55.57 ± 1.37	55.57 ± 1.61	< 0.0001
Leptin (ng/mL)	54.95 ± 3.27	26.69 ± 1.59	21.09 ± 1.54	17.61 ± 1.82	< 0.0001
Plasma glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity parameters
Glycemia (mmol/L)	6.07 ± 0.26	4.97 ± 1.11	4.79 ± 0.10	4.73 ± 0.15	< 0.0001
Insulinemia (μU/mL)	18.27 ± 1.43	9.00 ± 1.64	6.71 ± 0.56	6.33 ± 0.59	< 0.0001
HOMA-B	129.70 ± 6.71	108.86 ± 5.65	92.02 ± 5.34	102.94 ± 12.24	< 0.01
HOMA-S	61.28 ± 4.67	116.33 ± 8.19	175.21 ± 15.84	194.23 ± 22.91	< 0.0001
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	8.26 ± 0.93	8.11 ± 0.59	8.52 ± 0.54	11.03 ± 0.87	< 0.001
Plasma lipid homeostasis
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.76 ± 0.12	4.34 ± 0.09	4.21 ± 0.12	4.37 ± 0.13	< 0.01
Total triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.36 ± 0.08	1.19 ± 0.05	1.12 ± 0.06	0.94 ± 0.007	< 0.0001
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.26 ± 0.04	1.17 ± 0.03	1.29 ± 0.04	1.74 ± 0.28	< 0.01
Liver tests
AST	27.97 ± 1.61	29.84 ± 1.31	25.90 ± 1.14	26.98 ± 1.67	< 0.05
ALT	38.65 ± 4.48	36.30 ± 3.01	28.86 ± 2.69	28.83 ± 2.65	< 0.05
γGT	52.97 ± 8.97	30.61 ± 4.41	26.39 ± 3.32	30.76 ± 5.16	< 0.001
Inflammatory markers
Plasma hsCRP (mg/L)	10.48 ± 1.12	5.64 ± 0.74	4.29 ± 0.62	2.71 ± 0.61	< 0.0001
Plasma IL6 (pg/mL)	9.12 ± 2.26	4.05 ± 0.56	3.41 ± 0.48	2.01 ± 0.22	0.0852

^aTime-dependent changes were evaluated by multivariate analysis of variance.