Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic characteristics, drug treatment, drug use, actual and self-reported infection status for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among Mexican American former and never noninjecting heroin users who were followed up in San Antonio, 2002–2005.
| Total (n = 266), n (%) | Never-injectors (n = 219), n (%) | Former-injectors (n = 47), n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Gender | |||
| Female | 93 (35) | 82 (37.4) | 11(23.4) |
| Male | 173 (65) | 137 (62.6) | 36(76.6) |
| Mean age, years (SD) | 21.9 (4.8) | 21.4 (4.4) | 24.1 (6.0)*** |
| Race/ethnicity Hispanic | 266 (100) | 219 (100) | 47 (100) |
| Income <$5,000 in the past 6 months | 160 (60.2) | 133 (60.7) | 27(57.4) |
| High-school graduate | 37 (13.9) | 29 (13.2) | 8(17.0) |
| Homeless currently | 6 (2.3) | 6 (2.7) | 0 (0) |
| Drug treatment | |||
| Ever in drug treatment | 29 (10.9) | 20 (9.1) | 9 (19.1)* |
| Drug use | |||
| Mean age at first heroin use, years (SD) | 17.98 (4.3) | 18.15 (4.2) | 17.17 (4.7) |
| Mean years since started to use heroin (SD) | 4.16 (3.77) | 3.49 (3.06) | 7.30 (5.05)*** |
| Mean years since last injected drugs (SD) | N/A | N/A | 3.53 (3.18) |
| Daily heroin user: past 30 days | 134 (50.4) | 108 (49.3) | 26(55.3) |
| Any crack use: past 30 days | 22 (8.3) | 19 (8.7) | 3(6.4) |
| Any cocaine (other than crack) use: past 30 days | 145 (54.5) | 117 (53.4) | 28(59.6) |
| Always use heroin intra-nasally: past 30 days | 225 (84.6) | 181 (82.6) | 44 (93.6)† |
| Actual and self-reported infection status | |||
| HIV infected at baseline | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Participant self-reports being infected with HIV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| HBV infected at baseline | 14 (5.3) | 4 (1.8) | 10 (21.3)*** |
| Participant self-reports being infected with HBV | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.1)* |
| HCV infected at baseline | 26 (9.8) | 0 (0) | 26 (55.3)a |
| Participant self-reports being infected with HCV | 6 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 6 (12.8)a |
a
Never injectors excluded from analysis.
*
p < 0.05.
***
p < 0.001.
†
p < 0.10.