Figure 8. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) redox state in HESC after RA, TPA and RA + TPA treatments.

HESC were treated for 2 h with RA (10 μm), TPA (500 nm) or RA + TPA or for 10 min with H₂O₂ (200 μm, as a positive control). Separation was based upon carboxymethylation of reduced Trx1 and subsequent separation on a non-reducing, non-denaturing gel (separation based on differences in charge) (see Methods). The upper band represents oxidized (non-carboxymethylated) Trx1 and the lower band represents reduced Trx1. With all treatments (except in the positive control), Trx1 redox state did not change, suggesting that the effects of RA may be specific to the GSH system and not involve the Trx1 system.