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Behavioral response to the open-field test of male mice grouped by parental experience (dads, pup-exposed virgins [PEV], and control virgins). (A) Dads showed significantly lower levels of grooming interruptions, whereas both PEV and dads were significantly lower than control virgins in the number of (B) behavioral transitions and (C) inversions in direction. (D) PEV showed the lowest percentage of clockwise movement.
