Actin |
Oxidation |
Cys374
|
↓Myosin ATPase activity |
11 |
|
|
|
↓Actin filament sliding velocity |
12 |
|
|
|
↑F-actin depolymerization |
13 |
|
|
|
↓Tm-actin binding |
10 |
|
|
|
↓Maximum force |
13 |
|
|
Tyr |
↓Contractile function |
20, 22, 96
|
|
α-Actinin |
Oxidation |
Tyr |
↓Longitudinal force transmission |
21 |
|
Desmin |
Oxidation |
Cys |
↓Proteasome degradation |
18, 19
|
|
|
|
↑Aggregate formation |
18, 19
|
|
|
|
↑Myofibrillar disarray |
18, 19
|
|
|
Tyr |
↓Contractile function |
22 |
|
MHC |
Oxidation |
Cys697/Cys707
|
↑Myosin inhibition |
8, 10
|
|
|
|
↓Maximum force |
7, 9, 10
|
|
|
Tyr |
↓Contractile function |
20 |
|
cMyBP-C |
Oxidation |
Cys, Tyr |
↓Contractile function |
9, 20
|
|
Phosphorylation |
Ser302 (PKA, PKCϵ, PKCδ, PKD) |
↓Thin-thick filament interactions, ↑force generation |
32, 39, 40
|
|
Titin |
Oxidation |
N2-B Cys |
↓Extensibility |
16 |
|
|
|
↑Passive tension |
16 |
|
Phosphorylation |
Ser469 (PKA, PKG) |
↓Passive tension |
41, 42
|
|
|
Ser11878/Ser12022 (PKCα) |
↑Passive tension |
43 |
|
Tm |
Oxidation |
Cys190
|
↓Contractile function |
11, 14
|
|
|
|
↓Flexibility |
13, 15
|
|
|
|
↓Binding to actin |
14 |
|
|
|
↓Assembly of actin·Tm complexes |
15 |
|
|
Tyr |
↓Contractile function |
20, 22
|
|
cTnI |
Phosphorylation |
Ser23/Ser24 (PKA, PKC, PKG, PKD, p90RSK) |
↑Ca2+ dissociation from TnC |
23–32
|
|
|
|
↓Ca2+ sensitivity |
|
|
|
|
↑Rate of relaxation |
|
|
|
Ser43/Ser45 (PKC) |
↓Maximal force |
33 |
|
|
Thr144 (PKCβ, tyrosine-phosphorylated PKCδ, Mst1) |
↑Myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity |
28 |
|
|
Thr32/Thr52/Thr130 (Mst1) |
Altered conformation |
71 |
|
|
Ser151 (PAK-3) |
↑Myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity |
23 |
|
cTnT |
Oxidation |
Tyr |
↓Contractile function |
22 |
|
Phosphorylation |
Thr206 (PKC, Raf) |
↓Maximal force |
34, 36
|
|
|
|
↓Myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity |
|
|
|
Thr197/Ser201 (PKC, ASK-1) |
May exacerbate the effect of Thr206
|
34, 37
|
|
|
Ser274/Thr287 (PKC) |
May exacerbate the effect of Thr206
|
34, 36
|