Table 1.
Age-adjusted baseline characteristics of participants by gallstone disease (GSD)* status
| Characteristic | No GSD (n=12,210) | GSD (n=2,018) | p-value† |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women (% ± SE) | 49.1 ± 0.50 | 69.5 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Race-ethnicity (% ± SE) | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 75.6 ± 1.3 | 75.7 ± 1.6 | 0.94 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 11.3 ± 0.64 | 9.2 ± 0.76 | 0.011 |
| Mexican American | 5.1 ± 0.43 | 7.4 ± 0.77 | <0.001 |
| Other | 8.0 ± 0.83 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 0.65 |
| Education (years; % ± SE) | |||
| <12 | 22.9 ± 0.98 | 25.6 ± 1.6 | 0.048 |
| 12 | 33.9 ± 0.72 | 39.1 ± 1.6 | 0.001 |
| >12 | 43.2 ± 1.2 | 35.3 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2; mean (SD)) | 26.2 (0.10) | 28.8 (0.38) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (mean (SD)) | 90.6 (0.15) | 90.9 (0.38) | 0.48 |
| Glucose status abnormal (% ± SE)‡ | 5.7 ± 0.36 | 11.5 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL; mean (SD)) | 204 (0.82) | 200 (1.0) | 0.014 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mg/dL; mean (SD)) | 50.8 (0.35) | 49.5 (0.56) | 0.031 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg; mean (SD)) | 121 (0.23) | 122 (0.59) | 0.19 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg; mean (SD)) | 74.4 (0.19) | 73.2 (0.37) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking (% ± SE) | |||
| Never | 44.9 ± 0.87 | 47.6 ± 1.7 | 0.16 |
| Former | 25.2 ± 0.55 | 24.1 ± 2.1 | 0.61 |
| <1 pack per day | 13.1 ± 0.51 | 12.1 ± 1.1 | 0.42 |
| ≥1 pack per day | 16.8 ± 0.72 | 16.3 ± 1.2 | 0.63 |
| Alcohol drinking (% ± SE) | |||
| Never | 11.7 ± 0.60 | 15.7 ± 1.6 | 0.012 |
| Former | 30.3 ± 0.93 | 41.1 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| <1 drink per day | 41.5 ± 1.1 | 34.2 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| 1-2 drinks per day | 9.4 ± 0.52 | 6.0 ± 0.90 | <0.001 |
| >2 drinks per day | 7.1 ± 0.43 | 3.1 ± 0.64 | <0.001 |
| Caffeine (mg/day; mean (SD))§ | 232 (5.7) | 210 (10.0) | 0.040 |
| Physical activity intensity (METs; mean (SD))∥ | 114 (3.3) | 91 (4.5) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein >0.3 mg/dL (% ± SE) | 23.5 ± 0.98 | 35.9 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| γ-glutamyltransferase elevated (% ± SE)¶ | 13.1 ± 0.61 | 20.6 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
METs, ratio of work metabolic rate to resting metabolic rate.
*
Ultrasound-documented gallstones or evidence of a cholecystectomy.
†
From linear regression analysis.
‡
Doctor-diagnosed diabetes or hemoglobin A1C ≥6.5% (95th percentile).
§
Sum of caffeine from regular coffee (137 mg/cup), regular tea (47 mg/cup), & regular or diet colas and sodas (46 mg/bottle or can) (Michels, J Natl Cancer Inst, 2005; 97:282-92).
∥
Sum of the products of activity frequency in the previous month and an intensity rating (Ainsworth, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1993; 25:71-80) for 9 common activities.
¶
Subgroup with GGT measured (n=10,442); >51 IU/L in men or >33 IU/L in women.