Table 3.

Studies of other immunostimulants that have been combined with photodynamic therapy of tumors.

Agent	Mechanism	PDT agent	Tumor model	Ref.
DBPMAF (ip. and peritumoral)	Serum vitamin D3-binding protein- derived macrophage-activating factor	Photofrin®	Murine SCCVII squamous carcinoma	[137]
TNF-α (single dose iv.)	Cytokine activation Antivascular effect	Photofrin	Murine SMT-F adenocarcinoma	[136]
DMXAA	TNF-α induction Antivascular effect	HPPH (Photochlor)	Murine CT-26 colon carcinoma	[159]
GM-CSF (intratumor)	Killed cells expressing GM-CSF Stimulates macrophages	BPD (Verteporfin)	Murine SCCVII squamous carcinoma	[160]
G-CSF	Stimulates neutrophils	Photofrin	Murine CT26 colon and LLC lung carcinomas	[138]
γ-inulin (intratumor)	Classical complement activator	BPD, ce6, Photofrin, mTHPC	Murine B16 melanoma MCA205 and FsaR fibrosarcomas	[139]
Low-dose CY (systemic ip.)	Regulatory T-cell depletion	BPD (15 min drug-light interval)	Murine J774 reticulum cell sarcoma	[161]

BPD: Benzoporphyrin derivative; CT: Colon tumor; CY: Cyclophosphamide; DBPMAF: Vitamin D-binding protein macrophage-activating factor; G-CSF: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HPPH: 2- (1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a; ip.: Intraperitoneal; iv.: Intravenous; LLC: Lewis lung carcinoma; mTHPC: M-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin; PDT: Photodynamic therapy; SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma.