Table 1.
Medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine in Latin America
| Family/Species | Conditions to which remedies are prescribed | References |
|---|---|---|
| PORIFERA | ||
| Spongiidae | ||
| Spongia officinalis Linnaeus, 1759 | Unspecified | [124] |
| CNIDARIANS | ||
| Mussidae | ||
| Mussismilia harttii (Verril, 1868) | Vaginal discharge, diarrhoea | [11,149] |
| Physaliidae | ||
| Physalia physalia (Linnaeus, 1758) - Portuguese-man-of-war, jellyfish | Asthma | [7-9,11,31,146] |
| MOLLUSCS | ||
| Ampullariidae | ||
| Pomacea lineata (Spix, 1827) - Snail, Clam | Asthma, sprains, boils, ulcer | [7-9,11,31,97,115,146,161,169] |
| Megalobulimidae | ||
| Megalobulimus oblongus (Mueller, 1774) -clam | Asthma | [11,66] |
| Donacidae | ||
| Iphigenia brasiliana (Lamarck, 1818) - giant coquina | Teething | [80,146] |
| Loliginidae | ||
| Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798 | Unspecified | [80] |
| Cassidae | ||
| Cassis tuberosa (Linnaeus, 1758) - Conch | Asthma | [99,146] |
| Littorinidae | ||
| Littorina angulifera (Lamarck, 1822) - Periwinkle snail | Chesty cough, shortness of breath | [7-9,146] |
| Lucinidae | ||
| Phacoides pectinatus (Gmelin, 1791) - Shellfish | Sexual impotence | [11,146] |
| Melongenidae | ||
| Pugilina morio (Linnaeus, 1758) - Conch | Sexual impotence | [11,99,146] |
| Mytilidae | ||
| Mytella charruana (Orbigny, 1842) - Mussel, Shellfish | Ophthalmological problems | [11,99,146] |
| Mytella guyanensis Lamarck (1819) - Mussel, Shellfish | Weakness | [7-9,146] |
| Ostreidae | ||
| Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) Mangrove oyster | Osteoporosis, pneumonia, stomach ache, cancer, flu, weakness, pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish, anaemia, tuberculosis | [7-9,146] |
| Strombidae | ||
| Aliger pugilis Linnaeus, 1758 - West Indian fighting conch | Sexual impotence | [11,99,146] |
| Teredinidae | ||
| Neoteredo reynei (Bartsch, 1920) - Shipworm | Anaemia, tuberculosis | [69,146] |
| Teredo pedicellata Quatrefages, 1849 | Tuberculosis | [99,146] |
| Vasidae | ||
| Turbinella laevigata (Anton, 1839) - Conch | Sexual impotence | [99,146] |
| Veneridae | ||
| Anomalocardia brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791) - Clam, shellfish | Asthma, flu, stomach ache | [7-9,146] |
| Octopodidae | ||
| Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1799) - common octopus | Unspecified | [117] |
| ANNELIDA | ||
| Lumbricidae | ||
| Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) | Inflamatory process | [87] |
| CHELICERATA | ||
| Bothriuridae | ||
| Bothriurus asper Pocock, 1893 - black scorpion | Ethnoveterinary use | [127,178] |
| Buthidae | ||
| Rhopalurus rochai (Borelli 1910) | Scorpion bite, ethnoveterinary use | [127,151,178] |
| CRUSTACEANS | ||
| Calappidae | ||
| Calappa ocellata Holthuis, 1958 - Ocellate box crab | Asthma, osteoporosis | [11,36,146] |
| Gecarcinidae | ||
| Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 - Blue land crab | Asthma, bronchitis, wounds, boils | [11,146] |
| Grapsidae | ||
| Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille, 1802) - Mangrove root crab | Epilepsy, venereal disease | [7-9,11,99] |
| Plagusia depressa (Fabricius, 1775) - Tidal spray crab | Epilepsy | [11,99,146] |
| Hippidae | ||
| Emerita portoricensis Schmitt, 1935 - Puerto Rican sand crab | Earache | [11,99,146] |
| Ocypodidae | ||
| Ocypode quadrata (JC Fabricius, 1787) - Ghost crab | Asthma, haemorrhage in women, flu, to alleviate the symptoms of intoxication with poison of niquim (Pisces, Batrachoididae) | [7-9,119,146] |
| Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) - Swamp Land crab | Haemorrhage in women, incontinence urinary, osteoporosis, cough, asthma, tuberculosis, womb disorders, arthrosis, bronchitis | [7-9,119,146] |
| Uca maracoani (Latreille, 1802) - Fiddler crab | Asthma, whooping cough | [7-9,119,146] |
| Palaemonidae | ||
| Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Bigclaw river shrimp, Painted river prawn | Amnesia | [11,99,146] |
| Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wiegmann, 1836) - Cinnamon river shrimp | Irritation when milk teeth are erupting | [7-9,146] |
| Macrobrachium borellii (Nobili, 1896) - Freshwater shrimp | Irritation when milk teeth are erupting | [7-9,146] |
| Penaeidae | ||
| Xiphopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1936) - Southern white shrimp | Irritation when milk teeth are erupting, skin spots | [7-9,146] |
| Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) - Atlantic seabob | Irritation when milk teeth are erupting, skin spots | [7-9,146] |
| Pseudosquillidae | ||
| Cloridopsis dubia (H. M. Edwards, 1837) - Mantis shrimp | Asthma | [7-9,146,164] |
| Armadillidiidae | ||
| Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) - Pillbug | Asthma | [177] |
| Sesarmidae | ||
| Aratus pisoni (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) - Mangrove crab | Epilepsy, to alleviate the symptoms of intoxication with poison of Colomesus psittacus | [7,9,11,99,146] |
| Mithracidae | ||
| Mithrax hispidus (J. F. W. Herbst, 1790) - coral clinging crab | Burns | [151] |
| Portunidae | ||
| Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879 - Bocourt swimming crab | Unspecified | [80] |
| Callinectes exasperatus Gerstaecker, 1856 - rugose swimming crab | Unspecified | [80] |
| INSECTS | ||
| Apidae | ||
| Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) - Africanised honey bee | Cough, flu, rheumatism, tuberculosis, bronchits, hoarseness, ulcer, diabetes, verminosis, headache, giddiness, backache, wounds, burns, mumps, varicose veins, arthrosis, cellulitis, amoebiasis, sore throat, asthma, anaemia, catarrh | [7-9,63,97,119,146,170] |
| Cephalotrigona capitata (Smith, 1854) - Bee | Snake bite | [11,146] |
| Frieseomelitta silvestrii (Friese, 1902) - Stingless bee | Flu | [11,146] |
| Frieseomelitta varia (Lepeletier, 1836) - Bee | Gonorrhea | [136] |
| Melipona compressipes (Fabricius, 1804) - Stingless bee | Asthma, cough | [7-9,146] |
| Melipona mandacaia Smith, 1863 - Stingless bee | Wounds | [146,170] |
| Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836 - Neotropical stingless bee | Snake bite | [146,187] |
| Melipona scutellaris (Latreille, 1811) - Stingless bee | Headache, migraine, stroke, verminosis, stomach ache, tuberculosis, haemorrhage, cataracts, mycosis in the mouth, flu, cancer, asthma, bronchits, intestinal disorders, cough, sexual impotence, ophthalmological problems, weakness, thrombosis, amoebiasis, snake bite, rabies, sinusitis, fatigue | [7,9,98,109,110,164] |
| Melipona subnitida (Ducke, 1910) - Honey bee | Flu, sore throat | [7-9,11,109,110,118] |
| Melipona fulva (Lepeletier, 1836) - bee | Unspecified | [86] |
| Melipona asilvai Moure, 1971 - bee | Headache, flu | [121] |
| Melipona marginata Lepeletier, 1836 - bee | Cough | [81] |
| Partamona Cupira (Smith, 1863) - Stingless bee | Sore throat, swelling, headache, thrombosis, stroke, leucoma, "slightly clean", cuts, wounds, cough, catarrh, toaday, sinusitis, effusion | [11,99,109,110,128,164,165,187] |
| Partamona seridoensis Pedro & Camargo, 2003 - Cupira bee | Ethnoveterinary uses | [127,178] |
| Plebeia cf. emerina Friese, 1900 - Mosquito | Mycosis in the mouth area | [11,118,166,170,177] |
| Tetragonisca angustula Latreille, 1811 - Bee | Cataracts, sinusitis, cough, flu, ophthalmological problems, sore throat, leucoma | [7-9,71,112,170] |
| Trigona mosquito Lutz, 1931 - Stingless bee | Cough | [11,71,113] |
| Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) - Stingless bee | Asthma, cough, flu, bronchits, acne, diabetes, stroke, thrombosis, migraine, itching, sore throat, giddiness, weakness, scabies, nasal congestion, to induce abortion, whooping cough, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, earache, epilepsy, shortness of breath, late menstruation, fatigue, effusion | [11,97,110,115,118,161,164,170] |
| Lestrimelitta limao (Smith, 1863) - bee | Dizziness | [81] |
| Forficulidae | ||
| Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758 | Earache, whooping cough | [38] |
| Tenebrioninae | ||
| Eleodes spinipes (Solier, 1848) | To keep away from bad spirits | [103] |
| Cerambycidae | ||
| Macrodontia cervicornis (Linné, 1758) | Unspecified | [82] |
| Blattidae | ||
| Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) - American cockroach | Heartburn, asthma, stomach ache, intestinal colic, earache, alcoholism, epilepsy, vomit, boil, haemorrhage, bronchits, diarrhoea, gonorrhea, panaris, cancer, stroke, burns, menstrual cramps, wounds, to suck a splinter out of skin or flesh, detoxification, avoiding pregnancy | [7,9,11,31,71,109,112,115,128,130,170] |
| Eurycotis manni (Rehn, 1916) | Unspecified | [170] |
| Blaberidae | ||
| Rhyparobia maderae (Fabricius, 1781) - Madeira cockroach | Asthma | [50] |
| Chrysomelidae | ||
| Coraliomela brunnea Thumberg, 1821 - Fake cockroach | Epilepsy | [8,11,132,146] |
| Pachymerus cf. nucleorum (Fabricius, 1792) - Caterpillar | Earache, stroke, swelling, wounds, seborrheic dermatitis, inflammation, thrombosis | [71,112,159,170] |
| Curculionidae | ||
| Rhynchophorus palmarum Linnaeus, 1758 - Pest of coconut palm | Fever, headache, boils | [149,153] |
| Rhinostomus barbirostris Fabricius, 1775 - Pest of coconut palm | Fever, headache, boils | [149,153] |
| Rhina barbirostris Champion, G.C., 1910 | Fever, headache, boils | [153] |
| Formicidae | ||
| Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758) - Leaf-cutter ant | Sore throat | [7-9,11,66,144] |
| Atta serdens (Linnaeus, 1758) - Leaf-cutting | Stomach ache, heart diseases, chest palpations | [11,70,71,113] |
| Dinoponera quadriceps (Santschi, 1921) - Bullet ant | Asthma | [7-9,11,109,170] |
| Acromyrmex landolti (Emery, 1980)- ant | Asthma | [66] |
| Solenopsis saevissima (Smith, 1855) - Ant | Wart | [102] |
| Gryllidae | ||
| Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) - House cricket | Scabies, asthma, eczema, lithiasis, earache, oliguresis, rheumatism, urine retention, children that urinate in bed and speak with lateness, incontinence urinary, ophthalmological problems | [11,113] |
| Paragryllus temulentus Saussure 1878 - Cricket | Rheumatism | [69] |
| Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775) - cricket | Warts | [81] |
| Meloidae | ||
| Palembus dermestoides (Fairmaire, 1893) - Peanut beeatle | Sexual impotence, ophthalmological problems, rheumatism, weakness | [11,71,113,163] |
| Pseudomeloe andensis (Guérin Méneville 1992) | Warts | [189] |
| Muscidae | ||
| Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) - House fly | Boil, baldness, eyesore, external sebaceus lamps, stye, spots in the face, ophthalmological problems, dermatosis, cysties, erysipelas | [11,115,165] |
| Pediculidae | ||
| Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, 1758 - Body louse, Head louse | Tootache | [159] |
| Psychidae | ||
| Eurycotis manni Rehn, 1916 - Beetle | Headache | [11,71,115,128,146,177] |
| Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding, 1827 - Case moth | Asthma, earache, haemorrhage | [11,113] |
| Termitidae | ||
| Microcerotermes exignus (Hagen, 1858), Termite | Asthma, bronchits, flu, whopping cough | [11,70] |
| Nasutitermes macrocephalus (Silvestri, 1903) - Termite | Asthma, catarrh, bronchitis, 'catarrh in the chest' coughs, influenza, sore throat, sinusitis, tonsillitis and hoarseness | [128,130,144] |
| Nasutitermes corninger (Motschulsky, 1855) - termite | Unspecified | [172] |
| Vespidae | ||
| Apoica pallens (Oliv. 1791) - Paper wasp | Thrombosis, ashtma, giddiness, nasal haemorrhage, haemorrhage, stroke, disorders after parturition, ophthalmological problems, mumps, late menstruation | [11,71,112,118,146,166,170] |
| Brachygastra lecheguana (Latreille, 1824) - Dark paper wasp | Cough, asthma | [11,113] |
| Polistes canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Wasp | Cough, whooping cough | [11,116,165] |
| Polybia sericea (Olivier, 1791) - Wasp | Thrombosis | [11,118] |
| Protopolybia exigua (Saussure, 1854) - Wasp | Evil eye, tobaccoism, ophthalmological problems | [11,118] |
| Synoeca surinama (Linnaeus, 1767) - Paper wasp | Asthma, shortness of breath | [11,71,118] |
| Protonectarina sylveirae (Saussure, 1854)- | Mumps, hemorrhage, blooding and menstrual problems | [66] |
| ECHINODERMS | ||
| Echinasteridae | ||
| Echinaster brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842 - Starfish | Asthma | [11,36,63,130] |
| Echinaster echinophorus Lamarck, 1816 - Starfish | Asthma | [71,99,130,163] |
| Echinometridae | ||
| Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) - Rock boring urchin | Asthma | [11,36,99,114,119,130,146,163,228] |
| Luidiidae | ||
| Luidia senegalensis Lamarck, 1916 - Starfish | Asthma, cough, metrorrhagia | [7-9,11,36,99,114,119,130,146,163,228] |
| Mellitidae | ||
| Mellita sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778) - Six holed keyhole urchin | Asthma, cough | [99] |
| Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske, 1778) | Asthma | [11,99,130] |
| Oreasteridae | ||
| Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Starfish | Asthma | [7-9,30,31,66,109,128,146] |
| Toxopneustidae | ||
| Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816) - Green sea urchin | Snake bite | [68,146] |
| FISHES | ||
| Auchenipteridae | ||
| Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Driftwood Cat | Umbilical hernia, asthma, sexual impotence | [71,97,161,163,228] |
| Anostomidae | ||
| Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794) - Frederici's leporinus | Earache | [188] |
| Leporinus piau Fowler, 1941 Black piau | Rheumatism | [71] |
| Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann, 1907 | Problems with cholesterol | [109] |
| Schizodon knerii (Steindachner, 1875) - White piau | Leucoma, edema | [97] |
| Ariidae | ||
| Bagre bagre (Linnaeus, 1766) - Coco sea catfish | pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish | [114,115,163] |
| Genidens barbus (Lacepède, 1803) - White sea catfish | pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish | [8,114,162] |
| Genidens genidens (Cuvier, 1829) - catfish | pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish | [8,126] |
| Sciadeichthys luniscutis (Valenciennes, 1837) - Catfish | pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish | [8,114,162] |
| Genidens barbus (Lacepède, 1803 - catfish | Unspecified | [111] |
| Cathorops spixii (Agassiz, 1829) - catfish | Unspecified | [80] |
| Aspredinidae | ||
| Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus, 1758) - Banjo, catfish | Asthma | [7-9] |
| Aspredinichthys tibicen (Valenciennes, 1840) - Tenbarbed banjo | Asthma | [7-9] |
| Balistidae | ||
| Balistes capriscus Gronow, 1854 - Grey triggerfish | Bronchits | [85] |
| Balistes vetula (Linnaeus, 1758) - Queen triggerfish | Stroke, asthma, thrombosis, earache, Injuries caused by fish species, haemorrhage, ascites, schistosomiasis, appendicitis, menstrual cramps, gastritis | [7-9,114,162,228] |
| Batrachoididae | ||
| Thalassophryne nattereri (Steindachner, 1876) - Venomous toadfish | Injuries caused by fish species | [4,7-9,114,115,162] |
| Callichthyidae | ||
| Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus, 1758) - Armoured catfish | Asthma, umbilical hérnia | [4,8,97,114,115] |
| Carcharhinidae | ||
| Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller & Henle, 1839) - Blackfin shark | Osteoporosis | [7-9] |
| Carcharhinus porosus (Ranzani, 1840) - Smalltail shark | Asthma, rheumatism, wounds, inflammations, osteoporosis, anaemia | [7-9,69,114] |
| Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) - shark | Unspecified | [30] |
| Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822) - Tiger shark | Osteoporosis | [7-9] |
| Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Müller & Henle, 1839) - Brazilian sharpnose shark | Rheumatism | [7-9] |
| Rhizoprionodon porosus (Poey, 1861) - Sharpnose shark | Rheumatism | [7-9] |
| Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) - Scalloped hammerhead | Asthma, wounds, rheumatism, inflammation | [8,9,114,162,228] |
| Salmonidae | ||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) - redband trout | Rheumatism, bad smell of feet | [148] |
| Centropomidae | ||
| Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 - Smallscale fat snook | Nephritis | [149] |
| Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) - Common snook | Edema in the legs | [7-9,114,162,228] |
| Characidae | ||
| Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Twospot astyanax | Alcoholism, leishmaniosis, skin burns, wounds, rheumatism | [7-9,114,157,162,228] |
| Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956) - Cardinal tetra | Ashtma | [82] |
| Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1818 | Unspecified | [82] |
| Brycon nattereri Günther, 1864 - Pirapitinga | Flu | [168] |
| Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) - Black-finned colossoma | Paralysis of arms and legs | [8,70] |
| Hydrolycus scomberoides (Cuvier, 1816) - Vampire characin | Earache | [8,188] |
| Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816)- Jaw characin | Unspecified | [179] |
| Clupeidae | ||
| Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818) - Atlantic thread herring | Alcoholism | [7-9] |
| Dasyatidae | ||
| Dasyatis guttata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - Longnose stingray | Asthma, Injuries caused by fish species, burns | [7-9] |
| Dasyatis marianae (Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) - Brazilian large-eyed stingray | Asthma, Injuries caused by fish species, burns | [7-9]) |
| Doradidae | ||
| Franciscodoras marmoratus (Reinhardt, 1874) - Urutu | Injuries caused by fish species | [149] |
| Lithodoras dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1840) - Bacu Pedra | Swelling | [7-9] |
| Megalodoras uranoscopus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) - Catfish | Rheumatism | [188] |
| Platydoras costatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Catfish | Rheumatism | [188] |
| Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes, 1821) - Catfish | Rheumatism | [188] |
| Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes, 1821) - Catfish | Rheumatism | [82,188] |
| Echeneidae | ||
| Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 - Live sharksucker | Asthma, bronchits | [8,114,162,164] |
| Electrophoridae | ||
| Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Electric eel | Sprains, bruises, insect bites, snake bite, asthma, flu, pain in general, muscle strain, rheumatism, osteoporosis, deafness, pneumonia, itching, tuberculosis, earache, toothache | [7-9,31,114,162,164,188] |
| Erythrinidae | ||
| Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - Red (hi-fin) Wolf fish | Asthma | [97] |
| Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) - Trahira | Ophthalmological problems, rheumatism, cataracts, wounds, snake bite, conjunctivitis, stroke, thrombosis, asthma, toothache, fever, earache, diarrhoea, deafness, boils, bleedings, Alcoholism, tetanus, sore throat, itching, sprains, leucoma | [7-9,31,63,97,114,126,162,164,188] |
| Hoplias lacerdae Miranda Ribeiro, 1908 Giant trahira | Leucoma | [71] |
| Gadidae | ||
| Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758 - Atlantic cod | Boils, backache and rheumatism | [66,228] |
| Ginglymostomatidae | ||
| Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) - Nurse shark | Rheumatism | [7-9] |
| Heptapteridae | ||
| Pimelodella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1876) - Mandim | Injuries caused by that fish species | [168] |
| Holocentridae | ||
| Holocentrus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765) - Squirrelfish | Wounds | [68] |
| Megalopidae | ||
| Megalops atlanticus (Valenciennes, 1847) - Tarpon | Stroke, headache, asthma, shortness of breath, thrombosis, chest pain, injuries caused by bang | [7-9,97,114] |
| Monacanthidae | ||
| Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Common filefish | Unspecified | [111] |
| Muraenidae | ||
| Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, 1840 - Green moray | Bleeding | [7-9] |
| Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829) - Spotted moray | Bleeding | [7-9] |
| Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855) - Purplemouth moray | Bleeding | [7-9] |
| Odontaspididae | ||
| Eugomphodus taurus (Rafinesque 1810) - Cação-mangona | Unspecified | [111] |
| Engraulidae | ||
| Anchoviella lepidentostole (Fowler, 1911) | Unspecified | [80] |
| Pristigasteridae | ||
| Pellona flavipinnis Valenciennes, 1836 - Yellowfin river pellona | Unspecified | [80] |
| Scombridae | ||
| Scomberomorus cavalla Cuvier, 1829 - Kingfish | Unspecified | [80] |
| Myliobatidae | ||
| Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) - Spotted eagle ray | Asthma, injuries caused by fish species, burns, haemorrhage | [7-9] |
| Narcinidae | ||
| Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers, 1831) - Brazilian electric Ray | Toothache | [111,114,162] |
| Ogcocephalidae | ||
| Ogcocephalus vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) - Batfish | Asthma, bronchits | [7-9,68] |
| Ogcocephalus nasutus (Cuvier, 1829) - Batfish | Asthma | [79] |
| Loricariidae | ||
| Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Asthma | [79] |
| Carangidae | ||
| Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus (Cuvier, 1833) | To accelerate recovery after parturition | [79] |
| Osteoglossidae | ||
| Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) - Giant arapaima | Asthma, pneumonia | [188] |
| Osteoglossum ferreirai (Kanazawa, 1966) - Aruanã | Dermatogical problems | [87] |
| Pimelodidae | ||
| Phractocephalus hemioliopterus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - Redtail catfish | Asthma, wounds, hernia, burns in the skin, rheumatism, flu, cough, pneumonia | [87,188] |
| Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) - Spotted sorubim | Flu | [168] |
| Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Lunnaeus, 1776) - Tiger catfish | Cold | [188] |
| Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (Valenciennes, 1840) - Catfish | Unspecified | [179] |
| Sorubimichthys planiceps (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) | Leishmaniosis, tuberculosis | [188] |
| Zungaro zungaro((Humboldt, 1821) - Black manguruyu | Asthma, toothache, earache, wounds, athlete's foot, burns in the skin, rheumatism, flu | [188] |
| Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) | Tonic | [177] |
| Potamotrygonidae | ||
| Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841) - Discus Ray | Asthma, hernia, flu, pneumonia, cough, earache, burns | [188] |
| Potamotrygon hystrix (Müller & Henle, 1834) - Porcupine river stingray | Asthma, hernia, flu, pneumonia, cough, earache, burns | [70,188] |
| Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) - Ocellate river stingray | Asthma, hernia, flu, pneumonia, cough, earache, burns | [188] |
| Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855) | Injuries caused by fish species | [7-9] |
| Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987 | Injuries caused by fish species, wounds, cracks in the sole of the feet | [7-9] |
| Potamotrygon signata German, 1913 | Unspecified | [80] |
| Pristidae | ||
| Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794 - Smalltooth sawfish | Asthma, rheumatism, arthritis | [7-9] |
| Pristis perotteti Müller & Henle, 1841 - Largetooth sawfish, espadarte | Asthma, rheumatism and arthritis | [7-9] |
| Prochilodontidae | ||
| Prochilodus argenteus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 - | To avoid swelling of the breast feeding, mycosis | [168] |
| Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) | Unspecified | [160] |
| Prochilodus nigricans Spix & Agassiz, 1829 - Black prochilodus | Chilblain, skin burns, wounds, rheumatism, eye pains | [157,188] |
| Prochilodus marggravii (Walbaum, 1792) | Unspecified | [168] |
| Rajidae | ||
| Atlantoraja cyclophora Regan, 1903 - Eyespot skate | Haemorrhage after delivery | [68] |
| Serrasalmidae | ||
| Mylossoma duriventre (Cuvier, 1818) | Venereal disease | [188] |
| Serrasalmus brandtii (Lütken, 1875) - White piranha | Inflammations, sexual impotence | [71,97,126] |
| Serrasalmus rhombeus Linnaeus 1766 | Unspecified | [80,82] |
| Sciaenidae | ||
| Cynoscion acoupa (Lacepède, 1801) - Acoupa weakfish | Renal failure | [7-9,31] |
| Cynoscion leiarchus (Cuvier, 1830) - Smooth weakfish | Renal failure | [7-9,31] |
| Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) - Whitemouth croaker | Injuries caused by fish species, cough, asthma, bronchits | [8,85,114,162] |
| Pachyurus francisci (Cuvier, 1830) - San Francisco croaker | Asthma, urinary incontinence, backache | [168] |
| Plagioscion surinamensis (Bleeker, 1873) - Bashaw | Urinary disorders, haemorrhage, snake bites | [188] |
| Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) - South american silver croaker | Urinary disorders, haemorrhage, snake bites | [188] |
| Sparidae | ||
| Calamus penna (Valenciennes, 1830) - Sheepshead porgy | Asthma | [162] |
| Synbranchidae | ||
| Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 - Marbled swamp eel | Bronchits | [114,162] |
| Syngnathidae | ||
| Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 - Horsefish | Asthma | [7-9,31,75] |
| Hippocampus reidi (Ginsburg, 1933) - Longsnout seahorse | Asthma, edema, bronchits, haemorrhage, haemorrhage in women, disorders after parturition, gastritis, tuberculosis, to prevent abortion | [7-9,31,63,68,85,164] |
| Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858 | Unspecified | [76] |
| Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913 | Unspecified | [76] |
| Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814 | Unspecified | [76] |
| Tetraodontidae | ||
| Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - Banded puffer | Breast cancer, backache, warts | [7-9,31] |
| Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Checkered puffer | Rheumatism | [63,162] |
| Trichiuridae | ||
| Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 - Largehead hairtail | Asthma | [8] |
| Gymnotidae | ||
| Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758 - Banded knifefish | Unspecified | [179] |
| Urolophidae | ||
| Urotrygon microphthalmum (Delsman, 1941) - Smalleyed round stingray | Asthma, Injuries caused by fish species, burns | [7-9,31] |
| AMPHIBIANS | ||
| Bufonidae | ||
| Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) - Cururu toad | Urinary incontinence, dental caries, cancer, wounds, boils, erysipelas acne, to induce abortion | [97,162] |
| Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) - toad | Scorpion sting, erysipelas | [87,152,158] |
| Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002)- toad | Gastritis, cancer | [81] |
| Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) | Unspecified | [80] |
| Bufo bocourti Brocchi, 1877 - toad | Rabies, AIDS | [38] |
| Bufo macrocristatus Firschein and Smith, 1957 - toad | Unspecified | [38] |
| Incilius valliceps (Wiegmann, 1833) | Unspecified | [125] |
| Leptodactylidae | ||
| Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) - South american pepper frog | Earache, rheumatism, joint pain, cancer, sore throat | [97,162] |
| Leptodactylus vastus Lutz, 1930-frog | Sore throat | [66] |
| Leptodactylus troglodytes (A. Lutz, 1926) - Jia | Unspecified | [4] |
| Eleutherodactylus laticeps (Duméril, 1853) | Unspecified | [38] |
| Eleutherodactylus glaucus Lynch, 1967 | Unspecified | [38] |
| Ranidae | ||
| Rana maculata Brocchi, 1877 | Rabies | [38] |
| Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859 | [38] | |
| Lithobates montezumae (Baird, 1854) | Unspecified | [125] |
| Lithobates spectabilis (Hillis and Frost, 1985) | Unspecified | [125] |
| Hylidae | ||
| Hyla chaneque Duellman, 1961 | Unspecified | [38] |
| Hyla venulosa (Laurenti, 1768) | [60] | |
| Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert, 1772) | Rheumatism, diabetes | [122] |
| Trachycephalus resinifictrix (Goeldi, 1907) | Unspecified | [82] |
| Phyllomedusa burmeisteri Boulenger, 1882 | Unspecified | [183] |
| Microhylidae | ||
| Hypopachus barberi Schmidt, 1939 | Unspecified | [38] |
| Ceratophryidae | ||
| Telmatobius culeus (Garman, 1876) | Impotence | [180] |
| REPTILES | ||
| Liolaemidae | ||
| Liolaemus pantherinus Pellegrin 1909 | Fractures, wounds | [65,189] |
| Liolaemus alticolor Barbour 1909 | Fractures, wounds | [189] |
| Gekkonidae | ||
| Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau de Jonnes, 1818) - Afro-American house gecko | Sore throat | [7-9,31,164]) |
| Gonatodes hasemani Griffin 1917 | Unspecified | [174] |
| Iguanidae | ||
| Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common iguana | Earache, erysipelas, asthma, rheumatism, edema, abscesses, joint pain, wounds, acne, athlete's foot, sore throat, swelling, burn, tumour, to suck a splinter out of skin or flesh, boil, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia' and others fishes, inflammation, hernia, body aches, corisa, womb disorders, menstrual cramps | [7-9,31,97,108,164,166]) |
| Ctenosaura pectinata Wiegmann 183 | Unspecified | [94,105] |
| Ctenosaura similis GRAY 1831 | Unspecified | [77] |
| Polychrotidae | ||
| Polychrus acutirostris Spix 1825 | Impotence | [126] |
| Polychrus marmoratus Linnaeus 175 | Impotence | [126] |
| Norops fuscoauratus D'orbigny 1837 | Unspecified | [174] |
| Teiidae | ||
| Ameiva ameiva (Linnaeus, 1758) - Lizard | Inflammation, dermatitis, venereal diseases, snake bites | [87,97,108,174] |
| Kentropyx pelviceps Cope 1868 | Unspecified | [174] |
| Cnemidophorus gr. ocellifer (Spix, 1825) - Lizard | Inflammation, dermatitis, venereal diseases, snake bites | [97,108] |
| Tupinambis merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) - Lizard | Earache, deafness, rheumatism, erysipelas, skin thorns and wounds, respiratory diseases, sore throat, snake bite, asthma, tumour, swelling, infection, bronchits, perforation, oftalmological problems | [7-9,31,85,97,108,111,119,162,164,166,173,190] |
| Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus 1758) - Lizard | Sexual impotence, rheumatism, erysipelas, dermatitis, snake bites, asthma, tetanus, earache, thrombosis, wounds, panaris, swelling, herpes zoster, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, jaundice, inflammation, tumour, sore throat, infection, bronchits, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia', pain relief in injuries caused by snake bites, toothache, suck a splinter out of skin or fresh, headache, cough, stroke, coarse throat | [7-9,31,68,97,108,157,161,164,166] |
| Tupinambis rufescens Günther 1871 - tegu | Cuts, snake bites, cold | [120] |
| Phrynosomatidae | ||
| Sceloporus serrifer Cope 1866 | Unspecified | [38] |
| Sceloporus taeniocnemis Cope 1885 | Unspecified | [38] |
| Sceloporus acanthinus Bocourt 1873 | Unspecified | [91] |
| Sceloporus spinosus Wiegmann 1828 | Unspecified | [91] |
| Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann 1828 | Diarrhea | [103] |
| Phrynosoma orbiculare (Duméril & Bocourt 1870) | Unspecified | [91] |
| Anguidae | ||
| Abronia lythrochila Smith & Alvarez Del Toro 1963 | Unspecified | [38] |
| Mesaspis moreletii Bocourt 1871 | Unspecified | [38] |
| Tropiduridae | ||
| Tropidurus hispidus (Spix, 1825) - Lizard | Alcoholism, dermatomycosis, warts, abscesses, boils, sore throat, erysipelas, healing of umbilical cord of newborn baby | [7-9,31] |
| Tropidurus semitaeniatus (Spix, 1825) - Lizard | Measles, asthma, alcoholism, dermatomycosis, warts | [8,62,97,162] |
| Tropidurus torquatus (Wied, 1820) - Lizard | Chicken pox | [7-9,31,62,71,97,115,162] |
| Uranoscodon superciliosus (Linnaeus, 1758) | As a sedative | [8,62,69,131] |
| Boidae | ||
| Boa constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758) - Boa | Rheumatism, lung disease, thrombosis, boils, tuberculosis, stomach ache, edema, snake bite, cancer, pains, swelling, to prevent abort, pain in the body, inflammation, athlete's foot, calluses, tumours, cracks in the sole of the feets, goiter, sore throat, arthrosis, insect sting, dog bite, erysipelas, asthma, neck strain, strain muscle, backache, contusions and muscular pain | [7-10,29,31,62,70,97,121,186,188] |
| Corallus caninus (Linnaeus, 1758) - American emerald tree boa | Pain relief caused by sting of animals | [8,29,62] |
| Corallus hortolanus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Snake | To assist in removing spines or other sharp structures from the skin, rheumatism | [8,29,62] |
| Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Anaconda | Wounds, skin problems, bruises, sprains, arthrosis, rheumatism, boils, sexual impotence, headache, sore throat, thrombosis, swelling, tumour, asthma, muscle strain, numbness, syphilis, to reduce pain, luxation | [8,29,62,71] |
| Eunectes notaeus (Cope, 1862)- Sucuri | Unspecified | [160] |
| Epicrates cenchria (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brazilian rainbow boa | Rheumatism, pain in articulations, snake bite, sore throat | [8,29,62,71,97] |
| Colubridae | ||
| Leptophis ahetula (Linnaeus, 1758) - Parrot snake | Pain relief caused by sting of animals | [8,29,62] |
| Mastigodryas bifossatus (Raddi, 1820) - Rio tropical racer | Snake bites | [8,29,62,108] |
| Pituophis lineaticollis Cope 1861 | Post partum cold, pains corporeal | [40] |
| Oxyrhopus trigeminus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 | Rheumatism | [8,29,62,108] |
| Oxyrhopus formosus Wied 1820 | Unspecified | [174] |
| Oxyrhopus melanogenys Tschudi 1845 | Unspecified | [174] |
| Spilotes pullatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tiger snake | Insects bite, snake bite | [8,29,62,108] |
| Tachymenis peruviana Wiegmann, 1835 | Pain in the bones, pain in kidneys and to treat inflamations, tootache and scare, fractures | [148,189] |
| Drymobius margaritiferus Schlegel 1837 | Mail aire, pain in bones, rheumatism | [38,148] |
| Chironius carinatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Infertility | [151] |
| Chironius grandisquamis Peters 1869 | Unspecified | [174] |
| Lampropeltis triangulum Lacépède 1789 | Unspecified | [38,148] |
| Imantodes cenchoa Linnaeus 1758 | Unspecified | [174] |
| Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [174] |
| Crotalidae | ||
| Caudisona durissa (Linnaeus, 1758) - Neotropical rattlesnake | Asthma, snake bite, thrombosis, wounds, luxation, rheumatism, pain in the legs, erysipelas, deafness, epilepsy, skin diseases, tuberculosis, hanseniasis, backache, tumour, boil, headache, earache, osteoporosis, sore throat, toothache, insects bite, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, cancer, to accelerate parturition, pain in the body, avoid pregnancy, mail aire, swellings, bone aches, gastritis, eczema | [8,29,62,63,71,97,108,139,161,164-166] |
| Crotalus polystictus Cope 1865 | Unspecified | [125] |
| Crotalus transversus Taylor 1944 | Unspecified | [125] |
| Crotalus triseriatus Wagler 1830 | Unspecified | [125] |
| Crotalus durissus Linnaeus 1758 | Wounds, disorders in parturition, lepra, cancer, acne | [38,105] |
| Crotalus atrox Baird & Girard 1853 | Pneumonia, muscular pain, sight, sore throat, gangrene, varicose veins, ulcer | [103] |
| Crotalus basiliscus COPE 1864 | Unspecified | [78] |
| Elapidae | ||
| Micrurus spixii Wagler 1824 | Unspecified | [174] |
| Micrurus surinamensis Cuvier 1817 | Unspecified | [174] |
| Micrurus ibiboboca (Merrem, 1820) | Rheumatism, snake bite | [62,108,139] |
| Viperidae | ||
| Bothrops leucurus Wagler, 1824 - Lance head | Tumour, boils | [62,108,139] |
| Bothrops asper Garman 1883 | Unspecified | [38,148,152] |
| Bothrops atrox Linnaeus 1758 | Unspecified | [80,185] |
| Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766) - Bushmaster | Rheumatism, swelling, tumour, boil, insects bite, snake bite | [8] |
| Cerrophidion tzotzilorum Campbell 1985 | Rheumatism, mail aire | [38,148] |
| Atropoides nummifer Rüppell 1845 | Unspecified | [38,148] |
| Dipsadidae | ||
| Philodryas olfersii Lichenstein, 1823 | Unspecified | [80] |
| Thamnodynastes strigatus (Günther, 1858) | Snake bite | [151] |
| Chelidae | ||
| Chelus fimbriatus (Schneider, 1783) - Matá-matá | Impotence | [82,87,153] |
| Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) - Geoffroy's side-necked turtle | Asthma, sore throat, swelling, earache, rheumatism, arthrosis, healing of umbilical cord of newborn baby, mumps, ingrown nail, eczema, articulation problems, wounds | [7-9,71] |
| Phrynops tuberosus Peters 187 | Asthma, rheumatism and bruises | [109] |
| Mesoclemmys tuberculata (Luederwaldt, 1926) - Tuberculate toadhead turtle | Rheumatism, discharge, thrombosis, bronchits, diarrhoea, haemorrhag, asthma, sore throat, hoarseness | [62,97,108,161] |
| Mauremys leprosa Schweigger, 1812 | Unspecified | [80] |
| Cheloniidae | ||
| Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) - Loggerhead turtle | Injuries caused by bang, toothache, diabetes, headache, backache, wounds, cough, bronchits, asthma, thrombosis, rheumatism, stroke, hoarseness, flu, backache, earache, sore throat, swelling | [7-9,62,139,142,162] |
| Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) - Green sea turtle | Injuries caused by bang, toothache, diabetes, headache, backache, wounds, cough, bronchits, asthma, flu, thrombosis, rheumatism, stroke, hoarseness, earache, sore throat, swelling, whooping cough, arthritis, erysipelas, boil, arthrosis, inflammation | [7-9,62,68,139,142] |
| Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Atlantic hawksbill | Injuries caused by bang, toothache, diabetes, headache, backache, wounds, cough, bronchits, asthma, thrombosis, stroke, hoarseness, flu, rheumatism, earache, sore throat, swelling | [7-9,62,139,142,162] |
| Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) | Injuries caused by bang, toothache, diabetes, headache, backache, wounds, cough, flu, bronchitis, asthma, thrombosis, rheumatism, stroke, hoarseness | [62,114,119,162] |
| Dermochelyidae | ||
| Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) - Leatherback turtle | Rheumatism, earache, sore throat, swelling | [7-9,62,139,142] |
| Geoemydidae | ||
| Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Daudin, 1802) - Spot-legged turtle | Wounds, tumour, erysipelas, earache, rheumatism | [7-9,62,139,142] |
| Podocnemididae | ||
| Podocnemis expansa (Schweiger,1812) - Amazon river turtle | Inflammation, acne, tumour, boil, rheumatism, pterygium, skin spots, backache, earache, arthrosis, arthritis, swelling, wrinkle | [7-9,62,139,141] |
| Podocnemis unifilis (Troschel, 1848) - Yellow-spotted river turtle | Wounds, tumour, erysipelas, earache, rheumatism | [7-9,62,139,188] |
| Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia, 1849 - Six-tubercled Amazon River turtle | Blackhead, acne | [62,69] |
| Peltocephalus dumeriliana Schweigger 1812 | Blackhead, acne | [62,69] |
| Testudinidae | ||
| Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) - Red-footed tortoise | Catarrh, erysipelas, bronchitis, to stop the sensation to getting thirsty, asthma | [8,9,31,63,115,162,164] |
| Chelonoidis denticulata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Yellowfooted tortoise | Sore throat, rheumatism, hernia, wounds, leishmaniosis, varicocele, earache, part of woman's body, asthma, pains | [8,9,31,87,157] |
| Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959 | Arthritis | [103] |
| Kinosternidae | ||
| Staurotypus triporcatus Wiegmann 1828 | Unspecified | [93] |
| Kinosternon scorpioides Linnaeus 1766 | Hermaphroditism, malaria, tuberculosis | [38,62] |
| Kinosternon integrum Le Conte 1854 | Smallpox | [105] |
| Alligatoridae | ||
| Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common cayman | Asthma, stroke, bronchitis, backache, earache, rheumatism, thrombosis, sexual impotence, snake bites, evil eye, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, discharge, swelling, scratch, athlete's foot, ophthalmological problems, sore throat, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, hernia, prostate problems, infection, inflammation, epilepsy | [7-9,30,62,63,108,139,162-164,166,188] |
| Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801) - Cayman | Asthma, sore throat, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, rheumatism, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, hernia, prostate problems | [7-9,62,139] |
| Caiman yacare Daudin 1802 | Unspecified | [180] |
| Melanosuchus niger (Spix, 1825) - Black cayman | Thrombosis, infection, swelling, asthma, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, injuries caused by spines of the 'arraia', pain relief in injuries caused by snake bites | [7-9,62,139] |
| Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier, 1807) - Cayman | Snake bite, asthma, stroke, rheumatism, thrombosis, backache, sexual impotence, edema, mycosis, evil eye, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, discharge, sore throat, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, hernia, prostate problems | [7-9,62,71,139] |
| Paleosuchus trigonatus (Schneider, 1801) | Rheumatism | [62,69] |
| Crocodylidae | ||
| Crocodylus moreletii Duméril & Bibron 1851 | Asthma, bronchial diseases | [93] |
| Crocodylus acutus Cuvier 1807 | Unspecified | [152] |
| BIRDS | ||
| Turdidae | ||
| Turdus chiguanco Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837 | Stomach ache | [189] |
| Turdus grayi Bonaparte, 1838 | Unspecified | [152] |
| Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823 | Epilepsy | [72] |
| Cariamidae | ||
| Cariama cristata (Linnaeus, 1766) | Ethnoveterinary use | [127,178] |
| Accipitridae | ||
| Geranoaetus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819) - Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle | The feathers are used as inensing and to makemasks, wrinkles. | [148] |
| Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [179] |
| Buteogallus urubitinga (J. F. Gmelin, 1788) | Backache, column pain and rheumatism | [66] |
| Spizastur melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1816) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Parabuteo unicinctus (Temminck, 1824) | Snake bite | [152] |
| Anatidae | ||
| Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) - Greylag goose | Laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis | [97] |
| Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 - mallard | General weaknesses, sexual weakness, nervous disturbances | [66] |
| Netta erythrophthalma (Wied-Neuwied, 1833)- 'paturi' | Male impotence and weakness | [66] |
| Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [111] |
| Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [96] |
| Tytonidae | ||
| Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Anhimidae | ||
| Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus, 1766) - Horned screamer, anuhma | Intoxication from poisonous animals | [151] |
| Scolopacidae | ||
| Actitis macularius (Linnaeus, 1766) | Dandruff (seborrhea) | [96] |
| Ardeidae | ||
| Ardea cocoi (Linnaeus, 1766) - White-necked Heron | Swelling, inflammation, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia' and others fishes, asthma, boil, tumour, rheumatism, earache | [7-9,87] |
| Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 | Bronquithis and pneumonia | [148] |
| Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [96] |
| Apodidae | ||
| Streptoprocne zonaris (Shaw, 1796) | Unspecified | [106] |
| Casmerodius albus (Gmelin, 1789) - Garça | Bronquithis and pneumonia | [71] |
| Ardeidae | ||
| Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783) - socó, Rufescent Tiger-Heron | Bronquithis and pneumonia | [71] |
| Caprimulgidae | ||
| Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin, 1789) - Pauraque | Amulets, snake bite | [69] |
| Caprimulgus vociferus A. Wilson, 1812 | Unspecified | [38] |
| Cathartidae | ||
| Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) - Black vulture | Deafness, bronchitis, anaemia, alcoholism, asthma, flu, earache, rheumatism, pain in the parturition, mal aire, swelling, epilepsy | [7-9,31,42,97] |
| Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758) - Urubu, urubu-de-cabeça-vermelha | Unspecified | [4,91,103] |
| Cracidae | ||
| Penelope jacucaca (Spix, 1825) - White-browed guan | Insomnia | [162] |
| Penelope superciliaris Temminck, 1815 | Asthma | [177] |
| Penelope purpurascens Wagler, 1830 | Unspecified | [152] |
| Penelope jacquacu Spix, 1825 | Unspecified | [179] |
| Crax globulosa Spix, 1825 - Wattled Curassow | To cure rheumatism and to remove the "negative energy" from people | [184] |
| Crax rubra Linnaeus, 1758 | Unspecified | [152] |
| Aburria pipile (Jacquin, 1784) | Unspecified | [179] |
| Pauxi tuberosa (Spix, 1825)- Razor-billed Curassow | Pneumonia, bleeding, children's lack of appetite, indigestion, stroke, insect" and snake bites | [74] |
| Mitu tuberosum (Spix, 1825) | Unspecified | [179] |
| Ortalis guttata (Spix, 1825) | Unspecified | [179] |
| Ortalis vetula (Wagler, 1830) | Rheumatism | [152] |
| Psophiidae | ||
| Psophia leucoptera Spix, 1825 | Unspecified | [179] |
| Phoenicopteridae | ||
| Phoenicopterus andinus Philippi, 1854 | To alliviate labor pain, sprains and distend | [148] |
| Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina, 1782 | To alliviate labor pain, sprains and distend | [148] |
| Phoenicopterus jamesi Sclater, 1886 | To alliviate labor pain, sprains and distend | [148] |
| Ciconiidae | ||
| Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758 | Stomach ache, poor digestion, boils | [189] |
| Ciconia maguari (Gmelin, 1789) - Maguari stork | Injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia' and others fishes, thrombosis | [7-9,82] |
| Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein, 1819) - Jabiru | Unspecified | [82] |
| Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758) - King Vulture | Epilepsia, sifilis, ulcera | [96] |
| Columbidae | ||
| Leptotila rufaxilla (Richard & Bernard, 1792) - Gray-fronted dove | Thrombosis, pterygium | [66,162] |
| Columba livia (Gmelin, 1789) - Rock pigeon | Asthma, laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsilitis | [66,97,103] |
| Columba picazuro Temminck, 1813 - 'asa-branca | Sore throat, tonsillitis, bronchitis and hoarseness | [66] |
| Columbina talpacoti (Temminck, 1810) | Unspecified | [175] |
| Columbina passerina (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [96] |
| Corvidae | ||
| Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821) - White-naped jay | Asthma, neurological problems | [66,81,162] |
| Cotingidae | ||
| Procnias nudicollis (Vieillot, 1817) - araponga, Bare-throated Bellbird | Tuberculosis | [4,71] |
| Cotinga amabilis Gould, 1857 | Unspecified | [96] |
| Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758 - Smooth-billed ani | Bronchitis, thrombosis, asthma, whooping cough, rheumatism | [7-9,97] |
| Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson, 1827 | Cancer | [105] |
| Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) | Heart diseases | [105] |
| Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) - Guira cuckoo | Asthma | [97] |
| Geococcyx velox (Wagner, 1836) | Unspecified | [91] |
| Geococcyx californianus (Lesson, 1829) | Cancer | [103] |
| Charadriidae | ||
| Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) - Southern lapwing | To stay awake | [4,115,162] |
| Emberezidae | ||
| Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758)- Banana quit | Thrombosis | [162] |
| Numididae | ||
| Numida meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 - Helmeted Guineafowl, "Guiné" | Whooping cough | [4] |
| Falconidae | ||
| Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) - Laughing falcon | Snake bite, sore throat, tonsillitis and hoarseness | [66,69] |
| Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) - Southern caracara | Snake bite | [69] |
| Falco rufigularis Daudin, 1800 - Bat falcon | Snake bite | [69,82] |
| Opisthocomidae | ||
| Opisthocomus hoazin (Statius Muller, 1776) | Unspecified | [82] |
| Furnaridae | ||
| Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788)- Rufous hornero | Mumps | [4,114] |
| Meleagrididae | ||
| Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 - turkey | Asthma | [7,9] |
| Odontophoridae | ||
| Odontophorus capueira (Spix, 1825) | Unspecified | [111] |
| Callipepla squamata (Vigors, 1830) | Unspecified | [96] |
| Cyrtonyx montezumae (Vigors, 1830) | Evil eye | [103] |
| Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Dandruff, fever | [96] |
| Phasianidae | ||
| Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Domestic chicken | Catarrh, fever, warts, haemorrhage, bronchitis, nasal congestion, flu, skin thorns and wounds, asthma, sore throat, tumour, poor digestion, healing of umbilical cord of newborn baby, swelling, cough, tuberculosis, earache, tonsillitis, rheumatism, diarrhoea, inflammation, pneumonia, Renal calculus, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, fever, swelling | [7-9,31,42,63,68,81,85,97,103,109,110,115,162,164,166] |
| Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 - Indian peafowl | Thrombosis, epilepsy, fatigue | [30,126] |
| Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)-'codorna | Male impotence, urinary infection and weakness | [66] |
| Picidae | ||
| Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Lineated woodpecker | Sexual impotence | [69] |
| Colaptes rupicola Orbigny, 1840 | Unspecified | [189] |
| Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson, 1827) | Epilepsy | [105] |
| Melanerpes aurifrons (Wagler, 1829) | Headache | [96] |
| Psittacidae | ||
| Amazona aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758) | Asthma | [7,9] |
| Ara ambiguus (Bechstein, 1811) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Amazona farinosa (Boddaert, 1783) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Amazona autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Amazona auropalliata (Lesson, 1842) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Amazona albifrons (Sparrman, 1788) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Pionus senilis (Spix, 1824) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Pionus menstruus (Linnaeus, 1766) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Pionopsitta haematotis (P. L. Sclater & Salvin, 1860) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Ara macao (Linnaeus, 1758) | Mental problems | [152] |
| Hirundinidae | ||
| Petrochelidon andecola (D'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) | Epilepsy, heart diseases | [189] |
| Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) | Cyst | [175] |
| Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 - Barn Swallow | Dandruff, muscular pain, ophthalmological problems, Insomnia, | [96] |
| Strigidae | ||
| Glaucidium brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788) | Rheumatism | [152] |
| Alcedinidae | ||
| Chloroceryle americana (Gmelin, 1788) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Cardinalidae | ||
| Passerina versicolor (Bonaparte, 1838) | Unspecified | [96] |
| Rallidae | ||
| Aramides cajanea (Statius Muller, 1776) - Grey-necked wood-rail | Evil eye | [162] |
| Struthionidae | ||
| Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1766 - Common Ostrich | Osteoporosis | [136] |
| Ramphastidae | ||
| Ramphastos tucanus Linnaeus, 1758 - Red-billed Toucan | Thrombosis, sexual impotence | [31,69] |
| Ramphastos vitellinus Lichtenstein, 1823 - Channel-billed toucan | Sexual impotence | [69] |
| Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson, 1830 | Unspecified | [77] |
| Pteroglossus aracari (Linnaeus, 1758) - Black-necked aracari | Sexual impotence | [69] |
| Pteroglossus inscriptus - Swainson, 1822, Lettered aracari | Sexual impotence | [69] |
| Pteroglossus torquatus (Gmelin, 1788) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Pteroglossus frantzii Cabanis, 1861 | Unspecified | [152] |
| Selenidera spectabilis Cassin, 1858 | Unspecified | [152] |
| Rheidae | ||
| Rhea americana (Linnaeus, 1758) - Greater rhea | General aches, rheumatism, thrombosis, strokes | [63,115,162,164,166] |
| Pterocnemia pennata (Orbigny, 1834) | Unspecified | [148] |
| Trogonidae | ||
| Pharomachrus mocinno De la Llave, 1832 | Unspecified | [152] |
| Tinamidae | ||
| Crypturellus noctivagus (Wied, 1820) - Yellow-legged tinamou | Thrombosis, stroke, snake bites, tuberculosis, deafness | [71,115,162] |
| Crypturellus variegatus (Gmelin, 1789) - Inambu-galinha | Unspecified | [87] |
| Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825) - White-bellied nothura | Thrombosis, stroke, tootache | [115,162] |
| Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg, 1932 - Spotted Nothura | Effusion, snake bite | [178] |
| Rhynchotus rufescens (Temminck, 1815) - Red-winged tinamou | Snake bite, thrombosis, tuberculosis | [119,162] |
| Tinamus solitarius (Viellot 1819) - Macuco, macuca | Unspecified | [111] |
| Trochilidae | ||
| Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788) - Swallow-tailed hummingbird | Cardiopathies, asthma, flu, pains | [97] |
| Lesbia nuna (Lesson, 1832) | Evil eye | [189] |
| Tyrannidae | ||
| Fluvicola nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766) - Masked water-tyrant | Boils, asthma | [66] |
| Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) | Earache | [97] |
| Icteridae | ||
| Quiscalus mexicanus (Gmelin, 1788) | Unspecified | [38] |
| Psarocolius wagleri (G. R. Gray, 1845) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Emberizidae | ||
| Zonotrichia capensis (Statius Muller, 1776) | Unspecified | [189] |
| MAMMALS | ||
| Molossidae | ||
| Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Pallas' free-tailed bat (Bat) | Asthma | [66,176] |
| Noctilionidae | ||
| Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - greater bulldog bat | Unspecified | [152] |
| Phyllostomidae | ||
| Artibeus jamaicensis Leach, 1821 - bat | Cyst | [175] |
| Agoutidae | ||
| Agouti paca (Linnaeus, 1766) - Spotted paca | Wound in the breast caused by suckling, ophthalmological problems, stomach disorders, pterygium, to suck a splinter out of skin or flesh, injuries caused by the spines of 'arraia', control cholesterol level, thrombosis, general body pain, leishmaniasis, snake bite, rheumatism, heart pain, pain in bones, liver pain, fever, child birth, ant bite | [7-9,31,70,85,97,162] |
| Balaenopteridae | ||
| Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski, 1781 | Unspecified | [80,171] |
| Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804 - Minke whale | Rheumatism, sore throat, wounds | [7-9] |
| Bovidae | ||
| Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 - Cow | Thrombosis, evil eye, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, baldness, sexual impotence, measles, varicella, anaemia, whooping cough, Alcoholism, rheumatism, inflammation, asthma, cough, sore throat, wounds, cracks in the sole of the feet, bronchitis, dizziness, bladder problems, varicella, removal of thorns, paralisia facial, nervousness, earache, migraine, | [7-9,31,36,42,63,115,162-164,166] |
| Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Water buffalo (feral) | Rheumatism, osteoporosis, thrombosis | [8] |
| Ovis aries (Linnaeus, 1758) - Sheep | Edema, fractures, erysipelas, herpes zoster, backache, swelling, to assist children who take longer than usual to start walking, arthritis, arthrosis, rheumatism, muscle strain, inflammation, luxation, cracks in the sole of the feet, joint pain, removal of thorns | [7-9,31,36,42,63,91,97,115,162-164,166] |
| Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 - Domestic goat | Evil eye, snake bite, muscle strain | [7-9,31,42,91] |
| Geomyidae | ||
| Orthogeomys hispidus (LeConte, 1852) | Stomach ache, fever, susto and espanto, swelling, madness | [38,40] |
| Bradypodidae | ||
| Bradypus variegatus Shinz, 1825 - Brown-throated three-toed sloth | Thrombosis | [8,30,97] |
| Bradypus tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758 - Pale-throated three-toed sloth | Thrombosis, insects bite, scorpions bite | [70] |
| Canidae | ||
| Lycalopex culpaeus (Molina, 1782) | Scare, susto'' (fright) | [154] |
| Lycalopex gymnocercus (G. Fischer, 1814) | Air loss, asthma, backache, disorders after parturition, pain in bones, rheumatism, scare, sprains, ulcer | [100,154] |
| Canis lupus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Domestic dog | Chicken pox, mumps, smallpox, asthma, varicella, measles, menstrual cramps | [7-9,31,97,115,162] |
| Canis latrans Say, 1823 | Rheumatism | [8,11,91,103] |
| Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) - Crab-eating fox | Rheumatism, flu, haemorrhoids, disorders after parturition, diabetes, thrombosis, backache, osteoporosis, eczema, pain in articulations, sore throat, womb inflammation | [7-9,31,42,134] |
| Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) - Maned wolf | Epilepsy | [133,161,162] |
| Dusicyon thous - Linnaeus, 1766 - Crab-eating fox | Alcoholism, thrombosis, rheumatism, ophthalmological problems, diabetes, urinary infection | [97,133] |
| Speothos venaticus (Lund, 1842) - Bush dog | Haemorrhoids | [97,133] |
| Caviidae | ||
| Galea spixii Wagler, 1831 | Unspecified | [80] |
| Cavia aperea Erxleben, 1777 | Inflammation, teething | [97] |
| Cavia porcellus (Linnaeus, 1758) | nervios encogidos. | [182] |
| Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) | Constipation, tired sight, effusion | [162] |
| Cebidae | ||
| Alouatta belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766) - Red-handed howler monkey | Whooping cough, sore throat, asthma | [7-9,137] |
| Alouatta nigerrima Lönnberg, 1941 - Amazon black howler | Whooping cough, inflammation | [69,137,181] |
| Alouatta seniculus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Red howler monkey | Whooping cough, inflammation, to accelerate parturition | [69,87,137] |
| Allouatta fusca (É. Geoffroy, 1812) - Bugio | Used as aphrodisiac; used to treat any disease | [101,111] |
| Alouatta sara Elliot, 1910 | Unspecified | [83,137] |
| Alouatta palliata (Gray 1849) | General pains and inflammation | [107,137] |
| Ateles chamek (Humboldt, 1812) | Fever, cough, cold shoulder pain, sleeping problems, leishmaniosis, spider bite, snake bites. | [83,137] |
| Ateles geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820 | Rheumatism | [137,152] |
| Ateles paniscus (Linnaeus 1758) | Rheumatism | [137] |
| Aotus azarai (Humboldt, 1811) | To cure dribbling in babies | [137] |
| Aotus griseimembra Elliot 1912 | Unspecified | [137] |
| Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brow capuchin | Insect sting, eye infection, Inflammatory processes, insect sting, used for osteomuscular problems, eye infection and male impotency | [7-9,42,137] |
| Cebus albifrons (Humboldt 1812 | Used as fortifier | [95,137,152] |
| Cebus capucinus (Linnaeus 1758) | Unspecified | [137] |
| Lagothrix lagotricha (Humboldt 1812) | Unspecified | [95,137] |
| Callitrichidae | ||
| Saguinus fuscicollis (Spix, 1823) | Impotence | [83] |
| Saguinus mystax (Spix 1823) | Impotence | [83] |
| Cervidae | ||
| Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1815) - Marsh deer | Diarrhoea, vomit | [151] |
| Mazama americana (Erxleben, 1777) - Red brocket | Stroke, cold, burns | [7-9,30,42,115] |
| Mazama simplicicornis (Illinger, 1811) | Diarrhoea, verminosis, evil eye | [69] |
| Mazama cf. gouazoupira (G. Fischer, 1814) - Gray brocket | Asthma, edema, rheumatism, snake bite, thrombosis, to assit children who take longer than usual to start walking, tootache, wounds, sprains | [8,63,97,162,164] |
| Ozotocerus bezoarticus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Diarrhoea, verminosis, evil eye | [69]) |
| Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) | heart diseases, oftalmological problems, Didelphis virginiana | [91,103] |
| Dasypodidae | ||
| Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Nine-banded armadillo | Thrombosis, insects bite, scorpions bite, edema, asthma, deafness, earache, evil eye, diarrhoea, whooping cough, tuberculosis, to accelerate parturition | [7,8,31,42,97,162] |
| Dasypus kappleri Krauss, 1862 | Earache | [84] |
| Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Six-banded armadillo | Wounds, earache, evil eye, asthma, sore throat, pneumonia, sinusitis, deafness, coarse throat | [7,8,31,42,97,162] |
| Tolypeutes tricinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brazilian three-banded armadillo | Thrombosis, rheumatism | [151,162] |
| Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792) | Embolism, ant bite, visions, skin diseases | [148] |
| Chaetophractus vellerosus (Gray, 1865) | General diseases | [148] |
| Cabassous unicinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tatu-rabo-de-couro | Unspecified | [88,90] |
| Cabassous centralis (Miller, 1899) - Northern Naked-tailed Armadillo | Stomach ache | [104,152] |
| Dasyproctidae | ||
| Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831 - Black-rumped agouti | Asthma, thrombosis | [4,162] |
| Dasyprocta variegata - Brown agouti | Childbirth, Impotence, snake bite | [148] |
| Delphinidae | ||
| Sotalia fluviatilis Gervais & Deville, 1853) - Gray dolphin, gray river dolphin | Asthma, headache, rheumatism, hernia, womb disorders, sore throat, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia', swelling, haemorrhoids inflammation, wounds, earache, erysipelas, athlete's foot, tumour, cancer | [7-9,31,42,143] |
| Sotalia guianensis (P. J. Van Bénéden, 1864) - Guianan river dolphin | Asthma, headache, rheumatism, hernia, womb disorders, sore throat, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia', swelling, haemorrhoids inflammation, wounds, earache, erysipelas, athlete's foot, tumour, cancer | [7-9,31,42,143] |
| Didelphidae | ||
| Didelphis albiventris (Lund, 1840) - Common opossum | Boils, rheumatism | [8] |
| Didelphis marsupialis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Southern opossum | Acne, wounds, bronchitis, joint pain, stomach ache, rheumatism, diarrhoea, inflammation, erysipelas, pain in gestation, asthma, headache, oothache, earache, sore throat, flu, fever, body pain, fatigue, to accelerate parturition, mal aire, swelling | [8,9,31,42,85] |
| Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792 | Rheumatism, skin spots, acne, anaemia, to accelerate parturition, mal aire, swelling | [91,103] |
| Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) - Saruê | Unspecified | [88,90] |
| Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758) - Gray Four-eyed Opossum | Unspecified | [152] |
| Megalonychidae | ||
| Choloepus hoffmanni Peters, 1858 | Visions, hallucination, cramps | [148] |
| Erethizontidae | ||
| Coendou bicolor (Tschudi, 1844) | Hallucination, fever, ant bite, flu, whooping cough, scare, varicose veins | [30] |
| Coendou prehensilis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brazilian porcupine | Bronchitis, thrombosis, epilepsy, stroke, abscesses, conjunctivitis, asthma | [7-9,36,42,63,73,97,115,161,162,164] |
| Coendou villosus (Cuvier, 1822) - Ouriço-cacheiro | Unspecified | [111] |
| Sphiggurus mexicanus (Kerr, 1792) | Acne, wart | [91] |
| Sphiggurus insidiosus (Lichtenstein, 1818) - Luís-cacheiro | Unspecified | [89] |
| Chaetomys subspinosus(Olfers, 1818) - Luís-cacheiro | Unspecified | [89] |
| Equidae | ||
| Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758 - Asino | Snake bite, whooping cough, asthma, Avoid pregnancy | [7-9,42,73,91,115,162] |
| Equus caballus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Horse | Cough, deep cuts, dermatosis, wounds | [8] |
| Felidae | ||
| Felis silvestris Schreber, 1775 - Domestic cat | Asthma, snake bites | [8] |
| Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) - Mountain lion | Wounds, leishmaniosis, arthritis, pain in bones, rheumatism, distend, scare, stomach ache, evil eye, fever, avoid acne, contusions and muscular pain | [8,87,157] |
| Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) | Wounds, leishmaniosis, Cough, fatigue, fever, pain in bones | [8,87,157] |
| Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tigre | Unspecified | [4] |
| Leopardus jacobitus (Cornalia, 1865) | Self encorage | [148] |
| Leopardus colocolo (Molina, 1782) | Self encorage | [148] |
| Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821) | Unspecified | [148] |
| Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Gato-maracajá | Unspecified | [30] |
| Octodontidae | ||
| Ctenomys opimus Wagner, 1848 | To make the child's teeth stronger | [148] |
| Chinchillidae | ||
| Lagidium viscacia (Molina, 1782) | Bad memory | [148] |
| Lagidium peruanum Meyen, 1833 | Earache | [182,189] |
| Hydrochaeridae | ||
| Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) - Capybara | Thrombosis, conjunctivitis, venereal disease, rheumatism, earache, strengthen bones, liver pain, bronchitis, asthma, wounds, erysipelas, cough | [7-9,42,73,85,97,115,155,161,162] |
| Heteromyidae | ||
| Heteromys desmarestianus Gray, 1868 | Unspecified | [38,148] |
| Iniidae | ||
| Inia geoffrensis (Blainville, 1817) - Amazon river dolphin | Asthma, headache, rheumatism, hernia, womb disorders, sore throat, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia', swelling, haemorrhoids inflammation, wounds, earache, erysipelas, athlete's foot, tumour, cancer | [7,8,42,73,143] |
| Leporidae | ||
| Sylvilagus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Forest rabbit, tapeti | Thrombosis, conjunctivitis, boils, burns, ophthalmological problems, embolism, scare, fever, hallucination | [7,8,42,73,97,143,162] |
| Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen, 1890) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Sylvilagus cunicularius (Waterhouse, 1848) | To bring good luck | [103] |
| Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Coelho | Unspecified | [4] |
| Lepus alleni Mearns, 1890 | Stomach ache | [103] |
| Sciuridae | ||
| Sciurus spadiceus Olfers, 1818 | Unspecified | [125] |
| Sciurus deppei Peters, 1863 | Unspecified | [125] |
| Sciurus aureogaster F. Cuvier, 1829 | Unspecified | [125] |
| Ammospermophilus interpres (Merriam, 1890 | Inflammation | [103] |
| Mephitidae | ||
| Conepatus semistriatus (Boddaert, 1785) - Striped hog-nosed skunk | Rheumatism, acne, scabies, blood problems, bronchial diseases, skin problems, asthma, nervous disturbances | [7-9,42,73,162] |
| Conepatus chinga (Molina, 1782) - Gambá, Molina's Hog-nosed Skunk | Thrombosis, rheumatism, general diseases | |
| Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus (Lichtenstein, 1832) | Blood disorders, acne, stomach ache, mal aire, swelling, undescended testicles, rabies, whooping cough, bone pain Acné, dolor muscular | [105] |
| Mephitis macroura Lichtenstein, 1832 | Stomach ache, mal aire, swelling, undescended testicles, Rabies, whooping cough, pain in bone, asthma | [8,103,125,148] |
| Spilogale putorius (Linnaeus, 1758) | Stomach ache, mal aire, swelling, undescended testicles, rabies, whooping cough, pain in bone | [91] |
| Ambystomidae | ||
| Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798) | Bronchitis | [103] |
| Mustelidae | ||
| Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) | Thrombosis, ampollas | [162] |
| Mustela frenata Lichtenstein, 1831 | Unspecified | [152] |
| Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Taxidea taxus (Schreber, 1777) | Witchcraft | [103] |
| Camelidae | ||
| Lama glama (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [148,154] |
| Lama guanicoe (Müller, 1776) | Asthma, scare | [148,154] |
| Vicugna vicugna (Molina, 1782) | Unspecified | [148,154] |
| Cyclopedidae | ||
| Cyclopes didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Rheumatism | [152] |
| Myrmecophagidae | ||
| Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 - Giant anteater | Thrombosis, stroke, general body pain, Snake bite, urinary problem, heart pain, ant bite | [8,115,162] |
| Myrmecophaga tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) - Collared anteater | Edema, thrombosis, itching, ant bite, rheumatism | [7-9,42,97] |
| Tamandua mexicana (Saussure, 1860) - Northern Tamandua | Unspecified | [152] |
| Procyonidae | ||
| Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766) - South American coati | Sexual impotence, wounds, skin burns, snake bites, backache, cold, cough, leg pain, wounded foot, earache, neck strain, to help become pregnant, whooping cough | [7-9,42,63,73,111,162,164,166] |
| Nasua narica (Linnaeus, 1766) White-nosed Coati English | Male impotence | [152] |
| Procyon cancrivorus (G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1798) - Crab-eating raccoon | Rheumatism, epilepsy, thrombosis, snake bite | [7-9,42,73,97,115] |
| Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Potos flavus (Schreber, 1774) - Kinkajou | Earache, snake bite, ant bite | [152] |
| Physeteridae | ||
| Physeter catodon Linnaeus, 1758 - Sperm whale, cachelot | Asthma, backache, rheumatism, sore throat, wounds | [7-9,42,119] |
| Muridae | ||
| Neotoma mexicana Baird, 1855 | Unspecified | [38] |
| Peromyscus mexicanus (Saussure, 1860) | Abdominal distension | [40] |
| Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 | Pertussis | [175] |
| Suidae | ||
| Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758) - Wild boar | Acne, boils, tumours, asthma, athlete's foot, warble, wounds, | [7-9,42,73,91] |
| Tapiridae | ||
| Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brazilian tapir | Rheumatism, arthrosis, osteoporosis, bursite, muscular pain, asthma, tonsillitis, cough, general body pain | [8] |
| Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865) | Unspecified | [152] |
| Tayassuidae | ||
| Pecari tajacu Linnaeus 1758 - Collared peccary | Thrombosis, bronchitis, stroke | [8,85,115,162] |
| Tayassu pecari (Link, 1795) - White-lipped peccary | Thrombosis, stroke, cold, wounds | [8,9,115,162] |
| Trichechidae | ||
| Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883) - Amazonian manatee | Sprains, vaginal discharge, injuries caused by bang, burns, asthma, menstrual cramps, rheumatism, sore throat, wounds, muscle strain, suck a splinter out of skin or fresh, tumour, backache, hernia, arthrosis, luxation, insects bite | [7-9,31,42,155] |
| Trichechus manatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Manatee | Arthrosis, luxation, menstrual cramps, insects bites, sprains, vaginal discharge, injuries caused by bang, burns, asthma, rheumatism, sore throat, wounds, muscle strain | [7-9,31,42,155] |