Table 1.

MRI reports of amygdala volume differences in neurodevelopmental disorders by mean age of subject population.

Age group	Autism	Pediatric Anxiety	Pediatric Bipolar	Schizophrenia	William’s Syndrome	Fragile X
Young children	↑ Mosconi ‘09 ↑ Schumann ‘09 ↑ Sparks ‘02 ↑ Schumann ‘04	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	↓ Hazlett ‘09 — Kates ‘97 — Hoeft ‘08
Adolescents	— Schumann ‘04 — Palmen ‘05 ↓ Nacewicz ‘06	↑ De Bellis ‘00 ↓ Milham ‘05	— Frazier ‘05 ↓ Blumberg ‘03 ↓ Blumberg ‘05 ↓ Chang ‘05 — Chen ‘04 ↓ DelBello ‘04	↑ Welch ‘09a —Giedd ‘99b ↑ Levitt ‘01b — Frazier ‘08 — Jacobsen ‘98b ↑ Velakoulis ‘10c	— Campbell ‘09 ↑ Martens ‘09	↓ Gothelf ‘08
Adults	↓ Aylward ‘99 ↑ Howard ‘00 — Hazendar ‘00 ↓ Pierce ‘01	***	***	↓ Joyal ‘03c ↓ Witthaus ‘09c — Gibbs ‘08c ↓ Exner ‘04 — Velakoulis ‘10 — Tanskanen ‘05	↑ Reiss ‘04 — Chiang ‘07 — Meyer Lindenberg‘04	↓ Moore ‘04d — Hessl ‘07d

^***Only the childhood-onset or pediatric form of the disorder was included in this review, with the exception of Schizophrenia.

^ahigh-risk with psychotic and/or schizotypal symptoms,

^bearly-onset or childhood schizophrenia,

^cfollowing first-episode psychoses,

^dpermutation carrier