. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2011 Mar;47(2):344–363. doi: 10.1037/a0021027

Table 3.

Propensity Score Matching Analyses^a Showing Effects of Three Levels of Work Intensity on Educational Attainment^b and Substance Use from Three Panels of Students Working for Pay While Enrolled in Twelfth Grade

	8th-Grade Panel			12th-Grade Panels
	Effects at Age 22			Effects at Ages 21/22			Effects at Ages 29/30
	Controls Before Matching	Controls After Matching	Treated	Controls Before Matching	Controls After Matching	Treated	Controls Before Matching	Controls After Matching	Treated
Working 31 or More Hours per Week
% 2+ years college/bachelor’s degree^b	66.7% ^***	53.7% **	39.2%	59.9% ^***	44.8% ^***	35.5%	44.6% ^***	30.1% ^***	20.7%
% any daily smoking	23.4% ^***	25.1% *	38.1%	26.1% ^***	31.0% ^***	36.7%	21.9% ^***	27.2% ^***	32.4%
% any annual marijuana	33.9%	32.7%	43.3%	41.3%	44.4% ^***	42.4%	22.0% ^**	25.4% ^***	24.6%
% any annual cocaine	5.6% ^*	5.6%	12.4%	15.8% ^***	19.0%	19.0%	7.7%	9.8%	8.7%
% any heavy drinking in last 2 weeks	43.2%	44.0%	49.5%	45.9%	48.4%	46.7%	29.2%	33.5% ^*	31.2%
N	749	102	102	26158	3488	3488	15349	2091	2091
Working 26 or More Hours per Week
% 2+ years college/bachelor’s degree^b	69.7% ^***	60.9% ^***	43.1%	62.2% ^***	49.1% ^***	39.7%	46.9% ^***	33.6% ^***	24.2%
% any daily smoking	22.9% ^**	24.8%	32.0%	25.2% ^***	29.3% ^***	34.6%	20.9% ^***	25.3% ^***	30.6%
% any annual marijuana	34.3%	36.4%	36.0%	40.9% ^**	43.3%	43.1%	21.8% ^**	24.7%	24.3%
% any annual cocaine	5.6%	4.7%	9.1%	15.5% ^***	17.9%	18.6%	7.6% ^*	9.4%	8.7%
% any heavy drinking in last 2 weeks	44.1%	46.7%	43.7%	45.9%	47.5%	46.5%	28.7% ^***	32.0%	31.9%
N	646	205	205	22860	6787	6787	13433	4008	4008
Working 21 or More Hours per Week
% 2+ years college/bachelor’s degree^b	73.6% ^***	66.5% ^***	48.8%	64.8% ^***	53.3% ^***	45.6%	49.6% ^***	37.6% ^***	30.1%
% any daily smoking	21.3% ^**	23.4%	30.3%	23.6% ^***	27.5% ^***	32.8%	19.5% ^***	23.4% ^***	28.5%
% any annual marijuana	33.7%	35.4%	36.4%	40.4% ^***	42.5%	42.9%	21.1% ^***	23.4%	24.2%
% any annual cocaine	5.3%	4.9%	8.2%	15.0% ^***	17.0% ^*	18.0%	7.3% ^**	8.8%	8.6%
% any heavy drinking in last 2 weeks	44.4%	47.0%	43.6%	45.6%	46.7%	46.6%	28.5% ^***	30.9%	30.9%
N	504	345	345	17630	12009	12009	10370	7047	7047

Matching utilized a one-on-one nearest neighbor approach with calipers set at 10% of a standard deviation from the propensity score.

Percent completing two or more years of college for the 8th-grade panel and the 12th-grade panel, ages 21/22; percent completing a bachelor’s degree or more for the 12th-grade panel, ages 29/30.

p <.05

^**

p <.01

^***

p <.001