Table 1.

Means, Standard Deviations, Coding Algorithms, Wording and Sources of Survey Questions for the Independent Variables.

Variable	M	SD	Coding algorithm	Source: Wording of question
Job resources	0.50	0.50	Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no	Phone 1993: Can you decide what time to come to work and when to leave, either officially or unofficially?
	0.66	0.47	Categorical variable dichotomized into whether a job does (1) or does not (0) require post-secondary education: 1 = post- secondary education (technical or vocational school, graduate or professional school, some college, two-year or four-year college graduate) 0 = no post-secondary education (less than high school, high school graduate, high school plus apprenticeship)	Phone 1993: How much education do most people in jobs like your job have?
Physical job demands	2.79	1.20	Metric variable ranging from 1 = never to 5 = always	Phone 1993: How frequently does your job require lots of physical effort?
	1.62	0.77	Metric variable ranging from 1 = not at all dirty to 4 = very dirty	Phone 1993: How dirty do you get on your job?
	20.30	15.87	Metric variable ranging from 0 to 90 hours/week	Phone 1993: How many hours per week do you spend working with your hands, tools, or equipment?
Psychosocial job demands	3.95	0.93	Ranges from 1 = never to 5 = always	Phone 1993: How frequently do you have to work under the pressure of time?
	4.33	0.67		Phone 1993: How frequently does your job require intense concentration?
Job satisfaction	3.46	0.65	Ranges from 1 = very dissatisfied to 4 = very satisfied	Phone 1993: All things considered, how satisfied are you with your job as a whole?
Family resources	2.33	1.38	Ranges from 0 = least support to 5 = strongest support; For each item, respondents indicated whether they could ask (a) friends, neighbors, or co-workers; (b) daughters or sons; (c) parents; (d) brothers or sisters or (e) other relatives for help. The measure indicates the number of sources that would provide help.	Financial support: Mail 1993: Suppose you had to borrow $250 for a few weeks because of an emergency. Could you ask for help from … Emotional support: Mail 1993: Suppose you had a personal problem, and you wanted to talk to someone about it. Could you ask for help or advice from … Instrumental support: Mail 1993: Suppose you were sick and unable to take care of yourself for a week or more. Could you ask for help from …
	2.19	1.32
	2.04	1.24
Family demands	4.42	0.67	Metric variable ranging from 1 = very poor to 5 = excellent	Phone 1993: Hw would you describe your spouse’s health?
	0.12	0.33	Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no	Phone 1993: Does the respondent’s spouse have any long-term physical or mental condition, illness or disability which limits what he/she is able to do, or which is likely to limit his/her activities in the future?
	0.09	0.29	Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no	Mail 1993: Does your husband or wife have a physical or mental condition that limits the amount or kind of work he or she can do for pay?
Work-family conflict	2.96	1.19	Ranges from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree.	Mail 1993: My job reduces the amount of time I can spend with the family.
	2.52	1.03		Problems at work make me irritable at home.
	2.46	1.06		My job takes so much energy I don’t feel up to doing things that need attention at home.
Family-work conflict	2.29	0.95	Ranges from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree.	Mail 1993: Family matters reduce the time I can devote to my job.
	2.28	0.96		Family worries or problems distract me from my work.
	1.94	0.79		Family activities stop me from getting the amount of sleep I need to do my job well.
Marital satisfaction	3.53	0.55	Metric item ranging from 1 = not at all similar to 4 = very similar	Phone 1993: Do you share similar views?
	3.81	0.42	Metric item ranging from 1 = not at all close to 4 = very close)	Phone 1993: How close would you say you are to your (husband or wife)?
Work-related health complaints	0.23	0.73	Ranges from 0 to 3 (0 = never, 1 = monthly, 2 = about once a week, 3 = daily or more often); values for each dimension were obtained by calculating mean scores for the respective items.	Cardio-vascular complaints (2 items): Mail 1993: (1) In the past six months how often have you had chest pain? (2) How often have you felt shortness of breath?
	1.86	2.15		Musculoskeletal complaints (3 items): Mail 1993: (1) How often have you had back pain or strain? (2) How often have you had aching muscles? (3) How often have you had stiff/swollen joints?
	1.07	1.51		Exhaustion (2 items): Mail 1993: (1) How often have you felt a lack of energy? (2) How often have you had fatigue or exhaustion?
Occupational education	0.35	0.58	Ranges from −2.00 to 1.96	Phone 1993: 1990 Occupational education score for last or only job in current or last employment spell.
Income	2.69	0.65	In order to allow natural log transformation, a small start value ($1) was added for those reporting wages of $0.	Phone 1993: Base hourly wage rate, in 1992 dollars (ln $).
Educational attainment	14.20	2.89	Ranges from 12 to 30 years of schooling; years of college education were added to 12 years of high-school attendance	Phone 1993: How many years of college have you completed since 1957?
Pension eligibility	n/a	n/a	Categorical measure: Not eligible: 18.7 Eligible ≤ 62: 74.9 Eligible > 62: 6.4	Phone 1993: Are you currently included in a pension plan or retirement plan offered by a current or former employer or union?
Employer-provided health insurance	0.78	0.42	Dummy variable: 1 = currently covered by employer-provided health insurance	Phone 1993: Are you currently covered by health insurance offered by a current or former employer or union?
Spouse’s pension eligibility	0.61	0.49	Dummy variable: 1 = currently covered by pension plan	Phone 1993: Does your spouse have a pension plan from any current or former employers?
Spouse’s employer- provided health insurance	0.42	0.49	Dummy variable: 1 = covered by spouse’s employer-provided health insurance	Phone 1993: Are you covered by any health insurance through your spouse’s current or former employer or union?