mtDNA damage increased with AMD progression. Lesion frequency (lesions/10 kb/double strands) calculated for regions I, II, III, and IV of the mt genome using LX PCR was compared with age and AMD progression. (A) Comparison of lesion accumulation with aging (n = 43) normalized to the relative amplification of ARPE-19 DNA. (B) Comparison of mean lesion frequency (mean ± SEM) at stages of AMD (sample size: MGS 1, 25–26; MGS 2, 16–17; MGS 3, 17–18; and MGS 4, 10–11) normalized to average relative amplification of MGS 1 age-matched control subjects. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. All reactions were performed in triplicate for each sample. *Significantly different from MGS 1. **Significantly different from MGS 2.