(A) Participants were exposed to two different types of trial (Attend, Regulate) that varied with respect to cognitive instruction and two types of stimuli (conditioned stimulus or CS+ and CS−) that were either paired or not paired with a potential aversive consequence (i.e., the unconditioned stimulus, shock).
(B) Physiological responses, measured by skin conductance, to different trial types. Error bars reflect standard error (±SEM).