Table 2.
Potency of cyanobacterial extracts to induce cell death in myelogenic leukemia cells and T-lymphoma cells
| A. Cyanobacterial strains from the NIVA Culture Collection of Algae | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | NIVA strain | Myelogenic leukemia cells (IPC-81)a | T-lymphoma cells (jurkat)a | ||||
| A extract | B extract | C extract | A extract | B extract | C extract | ||
| Order: Chroococcales | |||||||
| Chroococcus sp. | CYA 330 | – | – | – | – | – | 2.8 ± 0.04 |
| Cyanobium sp. | CYA 230 | – | – | 2.8 ± 0.17 | >4 | >4 | 1.9 ± 0.06 |
| Cyanosarcina sp. | CYA 386 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cyanothece sp. | CYA 304 | – | – | – | >4 | >4 | >4 |
| Cyanothece aeruginosa | CYA 258/2 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Merismopedia punctata | CYA 16 | >4 | – | – | 4.0 ± 0.21 | >4 | – |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | CYA 57 | 2.4 ± 0.11 | – | – | – | 1.6 ± 0.49 | 2.3 ± 0.41 |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | CYA 143 | 2.6 ± 0.11 | – | – | – | – | >4 |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | CYA 160/1 | – | – | – | – | >4 | >4 |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | CYA 228/1 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | – | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.10 | 2.8 ± 0.11 |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | CYA 475 | >4 | – | – | >4 | 1.39 ± 0.15 | 1.27 ± 0.11 |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | CYA 476 | >4 | – | 2.83 ± 0.22 | 2.50 ± 0.12 | >4 | >4 |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | CYA 477 | 2.46 ± 0.16 | – | – | 2.05 ± 0.25 | 2.34 ± 0.38 | >4 |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | CYA 478 | 2.60 ± 0.12 | – | >4 | >4 | – | 2.16 ± 0.13 |
| Microcystis botrys | CYA 264 | 0.49 ± 0.05 | >4 | – | 3.8 ± 0.18 | – | – |
| Microcystis cf. novacekii | CYA 431 | – | – | – | – | >4 | – |
| Microcystis cf. wesenbergii | CYA 172/5 | 0.73 ± 0.03 | – | – | 0.32 ± 0.00 | – | 2.4 ± 0.52 |
| Microcystis ichthyoblabe | CYA 279 | 0.37 ± 0.00 | – | 2.5 ± 0.11 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | >4 | 1.8 ± 0.07 |
| Microcystis viridis | CYA 122/2 | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 2.5 ± 0.12 | – | >4 | – | >4 |
| Synechococcus sp. | CYA 379 | – | – | – | – | – | >4 |
| Synechococcus sp. | CYA 388 | 3.0 ± 0.21 | – | – | – | 2.4 ± 0.15 | 2.2 ± 0.03 |
| Synechococcus elongatus | CYA 187 | 2.4 ± 0.22 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Synechococcus nidulans | CYA 20 | – | – | – | – | >4 | 2.6 ± 0.05 |
| Order: Nostocales | |||||||
| Anabaena circinalis | CYA 82 | 2.4 ± 0.16 | >4 | – | >4 | – | >4 |
| Anabaena flos-aquae | CYA 269/6 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | >4 | – | 0.36 ± 0.00 | 2.1 ± 0.43 | 3.2 ± 0.59 |
| Anabaena lemmermannii | CYA 83/1 | >4 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Anabaena lemmermannii | CYA 281/1 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | – | – | 0.89 ± 0.16 | – | 2.6 ± 0.17 |
| Anabaena lemmermannii | CYA 298 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | – | – | 1.0 ± 0.00 | 2.2 ± 0.05 | – |
| Anabaena spiroides | CYA 358 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Anabaena subcylindrica | CYA 323 | 2.3 ± 0.37 | – | 2.5 ± 0.14 | >4 | – | 2.2 ± 0.08 |
| Anabaenopsis arnoldii | CYA 135/2 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | – | – | 2.2 ± 0.03 | >4 | – |
| Aphanizomenon gracile | CYA 338 | 0.92 ± 0.17 | >4 | – | >4 | – | >4 |
| Aphanizomenon cf. klebahnii | CYA 372 | 1.7 ± 0.28 | – | – | – | – | >4 |
| Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii | CYA 225 | 0.59 ± 0.12 | – | 4.1 ± 0.12 | 2.5 ± 0.11 | – | 2.5 ± 0.13 |
| Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii | CYA 399 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 2.5 ± 0.11 | >4 | 2.0 ± 0.12 | 3.3 ± 0.02 | 2.4 ± 0.15 |
| Cylindrospermum sp. | CYA 245 | 2.4 ± 0.19 | – | >4 | – | – | 4.1 ± 0.61 |
| Dichothrix sp. | CYA 518 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nodularia cf. harveyana | CYA 227 | >4 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nostoc sp. | CYA 124 | >4 | – | – | >4 | – | 2.5 ± 0.13 |
| Nostoc sp. | CYA 195 | – | – | – | – | – | >4 |
| Nostoc sp. | CYA 295 | 1.5 ± 0.04 | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.11 | >4 | 2.4 ± 0.15 |
| Nostoc sp. | CYA 308 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nostoc sp. | CYA 309 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nostoc sp. | CYA 512 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nostoc sp. | CYA 520 | – | – | – | >4 | – | – |
| Scytonema sp. | CYA 345 | – | – | – | – | – | >4 |
| Order: Oscillatoriales | |||||||
| Arthrospira sp. | CYA 447 | 1.0 ± 0.03 | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.11 | – | – |
| Leptolyngbya foveolarum | CYA 54 | 2.8 ± 0.11 | 2.5 ± 0.11 | – | – | – | >4 |
| Limnothrix redekei | CYA 106 | 2.3 ± 0.12 | 2.5 ± 0.11 | – | – | 3.1 ± 0.04 | >4 |
| Lyngbya cf. major | CYA 173 | – | – | 1.7 ± 0.08 | – | – | 2.2 ± 0.09 |
| Oscillatoria curviceps | CYA 149 | 2.2 ± 0.13 | – | – | – | – | >4 |
| Phormidium breve | CYA 76 | 3.0 ± 0.08 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Phormidium sp. | CYA 181 | >4 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Phormidium sp. | CYA 184 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Phormidium sp. | CYA 203 | 2.1 ± 0.12 | – | – | – | >4 | 2.5 ± 0.14 |
| Phormidium sp. | CYA 210 | – | – | – | >4 | – | – |
| Phormidium sp. | CYA 315 | – | – | – | – | – | 3.4 ± 0.58 |
| Phormidium sp. | CYA 448 | – | – | – | >4 | – | – |
| Phormidium sp. | CYA 454 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Phormidium cf. formosum | CYA 110 | 2.0 ± 0.07 | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.13 | 2.4 ± 0.15 | – |
| Phormidium cf. subfuscum | CYA177 | – | – | – | – | – | >4 |
| Phormidium formosum | CYA 92 | 1.1 ± 0.13 | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.12 | 2.5 ± 0.14 | 2.4 ± 0.14 |
| Planktothrix agardhii | CYA 21 | >4 | – | – | >4 | – | >4 |
| Planktothrix agardhii | CYA 29 | 1.9 ± 0.02 | – | – | – | – | 3.8 ± 0.74 |
| Planktothrix agardhii | CYA 116 | >4 | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.10 | – | – |
| Planktothrix agardhii | CYA 126 | 2.8 ± 0.17 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Planktothrix agardhii | CYA 127 | 1.8 ± 0.07 | – | 4.1 ± 0.49 | 2.5 ± 0.10 | – | 2.7 ± 0.45 |
| Planktothrix agardhii | CYA 11 | 2.4 ± 0.05 | – | – | >4 | – | – |
| Planktothrix rubescens | CYA 406 | >4 | – | – | 2.3 ± 0.10 | – | – |
| Planktothrix rubescens | CYA 98 | 2.1 ± 0.17 | – | – | 3.0 ± 0.16 | – | – |
| Planktothrix rubescens | CYA 97/3 | 3.5 ± 0.26 | – | – | – | – | 3.2 ± 0.46 |
| Planktothrix rubescens | CYA 407 | – | – | – | >4 | – | >4 |
| Prochlorothrix sp. | CYA 8/90 | 2.3 ± 0.11 | – | – | 2.5 ± 0.10 | 2.5 ± 0.14 | – |
| Pseudanabaena sp. | CYA 93 | 2.6 ± 0.12 | >4 | – | – | 2.9 ± 0.30 | >4 |
| Pseudanabaena sp. | CYA 94 | 0.85 ± 0.14 | – | – | – | 2.3 ± 0.16 | 2.1 ± 0.17 |
| Pseudanabaena sp. | CYA 167 | 1.9 ± 0.15 | 2.5 ± 0.10 | – | 3.9 ± 0.29 | >4 | – |
| Pseudanabaena sp. | CYA 435 | >4 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pseudanabaena sp. | CYA 452 | 2.8 ± 0.33 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Pseudanabaena limnetica | CYA 80 | 0.91 ± 0.12 | – | – | – | 2.4 ± 0.18 | 1.8 ± 0.13 |
| Pseudanabaena limnetica | CYA 276/6 | 2.4 ± 0.29 | – | – | – | >4 | 3.1 ± 0.41 |
| Symploca sp. | CYA 316 | 3.1 ± 0.10 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tychonema bornetii | CYA 114/1 | 2.2 ± 0.18 | >4 | – | – | 3.5 ± 0.11 | >4 |
| Tychonema bourrellyi | CYA 33/1 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | >4 | – | 2.1 ± 0.03 | 2.5 ± 0.12 | 2.5 ± 0.13 |
| B. Natural cyanobacteria populations from Norwegian inland waters collected during bloom conditions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dominant species | Natural sample | Myelogenic leukemia cells (IPC-81)a | T-lymphoma cells (jurkat)a | ||||
| A extract | B extract | C extract | A extract | B extract | C extract | ||
| Anabaena lemmermannii | NWS 43 | – | >4 | – | – | – | 2.7 ± 0.53 |
| Anabaena lemmermannii | NWS 44 | – | 2.5 ± 0.13 | – | – | >4 | 4.0 ± 0.60 |
| Aphanizomenon cf. flos-aquae | NWS 46 | – | 2.5 ± 0.13 | – | – | – | 3.1 ± 0.11 |
| Microcystis aeruginosa | NWS 48 | 2.0 ± 0.16 | 2.4 ± 0.11 | – | – | >4 | 2.4 ± 0.12 |
| Phormidium cf. formosum | NWS 45 | 3.2 ± 0.25 | >4 | – | >4 | – | >4 |
| Planktothrix agardhii | NWS 49 | >4 | – | – | – | 4.0 ± 0.28 | >4 |
| Planktothrix agardhii | NWS 51 | 2.4 ± 0.13 | – | – | – | 2.7 ± 0.04 | >4 |
aCells were incubated with various concentrations of cyanobacterial extracts (A aqueous, B 70% methanol, C methanol:dichloromethane) for 18 h and scored for cell death. Values are concentration (mg original dryweight biomass/ml) of extract required to induce 50% death (mean ± SEM, n = 3). >4 signifies 25–50% cell death at 4 mg dw/ml, and – signifies <25% cell death at 4 mg dw/ml