Table 2.
Regions of interest with significant group × test session interaction effects (p < 0.01).
| X | Y | Z | F | p | Vox | Hem. | Area | BA | Ctl | C | W |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ROIS THAT SHOWED AN INCREASED ACTIVATION FOR THE CONTROL GROUP FROM t1 TO t3 AND (NEARLY) NO CHANGE FOR THE TWO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS | |||||||||||
| 54 | 26 | 25 | 5.98 | 0.0050 | 115 | R | Middle frontal | 46 | ++ | 0 | 0 |
| −12 | 32 | 19 | 5.79 | 0.0060 | 31 | L | Anterior cingulate | 32 | ++ | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | −22 | 26 | 6.44 | 0.0036 | 112 | R | Posterior cingulate | 23 | + | 0 | 0 |
| 48 | −37 | −5 | 5.30 | 0.0089 | 79 | R | Middle temp./ParaHC | 21/37 | ++ | 0 | 0 |
| 51 | −22 | 7 | 5.65 | 0.0067 | 19 | R | Superior temporal | 41 | ++ | (−) | 0 |
| 27 | 5 | −5 | 7.40 | 0.0018 | 36 | R | Lentiform nucleus | / | ++ | (−) | 0 |
| ROIS THAT REVEALED A DECREASED ACTIVATION FOR THE CARDIOVASCULAR GROUP FROM t1 TO t3 AND AN INCREASED ACTIVATION IN THE CONTROL GROUP | |||||||||||
| −21 | 44 | 37 | 6.44 | 0.0036 | 39 | L | Superior frontal | 9 | ++ | 0 | (−) |
| −35 | 5 | 46 | 7.01 | 0.0024 | 45 | L | Middle frontal | 6 | + | 0 | −− |
| −6 | 5 | 58 | 10.09 | 0.0003 | 484 | L | Medial frontal | 6 | (+) | 0 | −− |
| 6 | 47 | 29 | 6.82 | 0.0027 | 514 | R | Medial frontal | 9 | (+) | + | −− |
| −6 | 23 | 22 | 6.62 | 0.0032 | 71 | L | Anterior cingulate | 24/32 | ++ | 0 | −− |
| −12 | −40 | 1 | 8.11 | 0.0011 | 254 | L | ParaHC | 30 | ++ | 0 | −− |
| 63 | −4 | −2 | 7.84 | 0.0013 | 89 | R | Middle temporal | 21 | + | 0 | −− |
| 60 | 2 | −5 | 6.15 | 0.0045 | 32 | R | Superior temporal | 22 | (+) | 0 | −− |
| ROIS THAT REVEALED AN INCREASED ACTIVATION FOR THE COORDINATION GROUP FROM t1 TO t3 AND NO CHANGE OR DECREASE IN THE OTHER TWO GROUPS | |||||||||||
| −33 | 26 | 7 | 9.07 | 0.0005 | 470 | L | Inferior frontal | 45 | 0 | + | 0 |
| 60 | 21 | 19 | 9.75 | 0.0003 | 149 | R | Inferior frontal | 45 | 0 | ++ | 0 |
| 54 | 44 | 10 | 8.50 | 0.0008 | 509 | R | Inferior frontal | 46 | 0 | ++ | 0 |
| 49 | 20 | −11 | 5.28 | 0.0090 | 181 | R | Inferior frontal | 47 | 0 | + | 0 |
| 15 | −46 | 61 | 6.14 | 0.0046 | 225 | R | Superior parietal | 7 | −− | + | 0 |
| 9 | −1 | 4 | 8.92 | 0.0006 | 268 | R | Thalamus | / | 0 | ++ | 0 |
| 9 | 8 | 7 | 6.32 | 0.0040 | 75 | R | Caudate body | / | 0 | ++ | 0 |
Note: All ROIs have significant test session × group interaction (p < 0.01). Listed are Talairach coordinates (X, Y, Z) and F and p-values for the peaks of the respective ROIs, the cluster size (Vox), the anatomical description [cortical hemisphere (Hem.; L: left, R: right), Area], and Brodmann areas (BA). Changes of brain activation levels during 12 months of training for control group (Ctl), coordination training group (C), and cardiovascular (walking) training group (W) are indexed as increase (+), decrease (−) or no change (0) (post hoc t-test, t1 vs. t3: ++/−−: p < 0.023; +/−: p < 0.05; (+)/(−): p < 0.1). ParaHC, parahippocampal gyrus; middle temp., middle temporal gyrus.