Table 1.
Physiological parameters of rats fed with corn starch, fructose, and fructose either with α-tocopherol and α-lipoic acid as prevention (FTPP) or reversal (FTPR) protocols or with tocotrienol-rich fraction and α-lipoic acid either as prevention (FTTP) or reversal (FTTR) protocols. aValues for rats fed the fructose diet for 8 weeks were taken from [6]. Values are mean ± SEM; number of experiments in parentheses. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; *P < .05 versus corn starch-fed rats; # P < .05 versus fructose-fed rats.
| Parameter | Corn starch (16 weeks) |
Fructose (8 weeks)a |
Fructose (16 weeks) |
FTPP (16 weeks) |
FTPR (16 weeks) |
FTTP (16 weeks) |
FTTR (16 weeks) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight at 0 weeks (g) | 339 ± 8 (n = 10) |
351 ± 10 (n = 10) |
349 ± 5 (n = 10) |
347 ± 10 (n = 10) |
334 ± 5 (n = 10) |
356 ± 5 (n = 10) |
352 ± 6 (n = 10) |
| Body weight at 16 weeks (g) | 533 ± 14 (n = 10) |
459 ± 13 (n = 9) |
521 ± 8 (n = 10) |
502 ± 12 (n = 10) |
510 ± 9 (n = 10) |
493 ± 12 (n = 10) |
502 ± 8 (n = 9) |
| Fasting plasma glucose concentrations (mmol/L) | 2.8 ± 0.2 (n = 6) |
6.1 ± 0.1* (n = 6) |
5.9 ± 0.2* (n = 6) |
4.8 ± 0.2#
(n = 6) |
4.7 ± 0.1#
(n = 6) |
4.1 ± 0.3#
(n = 6) |
4.3 ± 0.4#
(n = 6) |
| Plasma glucose concentration (mmol/L) (after 120-minute glucose loading) | 5.9 ± 0.1 (n = 6) |
8.0 ± 0.2* (n = 8) |
9.1 ± 0.2* (n = 6) |
6.4 ± 0.5#
(n = 6) |
5.3 ± 0.1#
(n = 6) |
5.0 ± 0.2#
(n = 6) |
4.8 ± 0.7#
(n = 6) |
| LV—interstitial collagen (% of total area) | 4.6 ± 0.7 (n = 3) |
N/A | 18.7 ± 2.7* (n = 3) |
12.6 ± 1.8#
(n = 3) |
13.7 ± 2.3#
(n = 3) |
10.8 ± 2.9#
(n = 3) |
11.2 ± 1.5#
(n = 3) |
| Diastolic stiffness constant (κ) | 20.5 ± 0.4 (n = 6) |
23.9 ± 1.4* (n = 6) |
25.8 ± 1.1* (n = 6) |
21.1 ± 0.6#
(n = 6) |
21.9 ± 0.5#
(n = 6) |
17.7 ± 1.2#
(n = 6) |
19.8 ± 2.0#
(n = 6) |
| LV + septum (mg/g body wt) | 1.7 ± 0.09 (n = 6) |
2.10 ± 0.07* (n = 8) |
2.05 ± 0.1* (n = 6) |
1.8 ± 0.05#
(n = 6) |
2.1 ± 0.2* (n = 6) |
1.9 ± 0.1#
(n = 6) |
2.0 ± 0.1* (n = 6) |
| RV (mg/g body wt) | 0.53 ± 0.03 (n = 6) |
0.55 ± 0.03* (n = 11) |
0.47 ± 0.02 (n = 6) |
0.47 ± 0.02 (n = 6) |
0.50 ± 0.05 (n = 6) |
0.4 ± 0.1 (n = 6) |
0.4 ± 0.1 (n = 6) |
| Liver (mg/g body wt) | 26.7 ± 0.6 (n = 6) |
36.7 ± 1.5* (n = 8) |
39.6 ± 3.6* (n = 6) |
29.4 ± 1.5#
(n = 6) |
31.6 ± 0.8#
(n = 6) |
33.3 ± 2.5* (n = 6) |
35.2 ± 1.4* (n = 6) |
| Spleen (mg/g body wt) | 2.0 ± 0.1 (n = 6) |
2.1 ± 0.1 (n = 9) |
2.4 ± 0.2 (n = 6) |
2.0 ± 0.2 (n = 6) |
2.2 ± 0.1 (n = 6) |
1.9 ± 0.1 (n = 6) |
2.0 ± 0.2 (n = 6) |
| Kidneys (mg/g body wt) | 5.15 ± 0.1 (n = 6) |
7.31 ± 0.2* (n = 8) |
6.30 ± 0.4* (n = 6) |
6.0 ± 0.2* (n = 6) |
6.0 ± 0.3* (n = 6) |
7.0 ± 0.3* (n = 6) |
6.3 ± 0.2* (n = 6) |
| Plasma malondialdehyde concentration (μmol/L) | 26.9 ± 0.7 (n = 6) |
42.8 ± 1.9* (n = 3) |
33.9 ± 1.0* (n = 6) |
27.9 ± 2.0#
(n = 6) |
27.6 ± 1.6#
(n = 6) |
26.4 ± 1.5#
(n = 6) |
26.8 ± 2.3#
(n = 6) |