Table 2. Common chronic conditions.

Chronic conditions	Effects on sleep
Depression	Difficulty maintaining sleep, excessive sleepiness
Congestive Heart Failure	Orthopnea and nocturia
Pulmonary disease	Awakenings: coughing, shortness of breath
Delirium	Sleep-wake cycle fragmentation
Acute or chronic pain	Sleep onset difficulties, frequent awakenings
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)	Frequent awakenings: coughing
Obesity	Snoring, apnea

Sources: (American Medical Directors Association, 2006; Bloom et al., 2009)