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Genetic effects on reinforcement model parameters. DARPP-32 T/T carriers showed relatively greater learning rates from gains than losses (αGN = αG – αN) compared to C carriers. DRD2 T/T carriers showed the opposite pattern. The COMT gene did not affect learning rates, but met carriers had significantly higher uncertainty-based explore parameter (ε) values (which are divided by 104 to be displayed on the same scale) than did val/val participants. Error bars reflect standard error.
