Table 3.
Ordinary least-squares regression models with categorical age-related factors as main effects: results from models including available pairs of age-related factors (N = 815).a
| Predictor variable | Type-1 Model | Type-2 Model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | p | β | SE | p | |
| Age | ||||||
| 30-<40 | -4.82 | 4.00 | 0.228 | 1.03 | 3.57 | 0.773 |
| 40-<50 | -10.98 | 4.75 | 0.021 | -2.79 | 4.33 | 0.520 |
| 50-<60 | -18.41 | 5.57 | <0.001 | -7.85 | 5.10 | 0.124 |
| ≥ 60 | -12.32 | 6.61 | 0.063 | 0.08 | 6.13 | 0.989 |
| Age at onset | ||||||
| 10-<25 | 7.01 | 3.83 | 0.068 | -2.03 | 3.45 | 0.557 |
| 25-<55 | 7.88 | 4.75 | 0.097 | -5.51 | 4.44 | 0.215 |
| ≥ 55 | 20.89 | 9.05 | 0.021 | 5.80 | 8.19 | 0.479 |
| Seizure frequency in preceding 12 months | ||||||
| 1-5 vs seizure free | -18.77 | 3.50 | <0.001 | |||
| 6-20 vs seizure free | -23.76 | 4.49 | <0.001 | |||
| ≥ 20 vs seizure free | -33.54 | 4.03 | <0.001 | |||
| Psychiatric disturbances | ||||||
| yes vs no | -19.77 | 4.03 | <0.001 | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| male vs female | 8.13 | 2.73 | 0.003 | |||
| Therapy | ||||||
| monotherapy vs polytherapy | 9.61 | 3.10 | 0.002 | |||
| no therapy vs polytherapy | 17.06 | 10.97 | 0.120 | |||
| Intellectual functions | ||||||
| compromised vs normal | -12.84 | 4.15 | 0.002 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| 9-13 years vs <9 years | 7.33 | 3.15 | 0.020 | |||
| ≥ 14 years vs <9 years | 10.84 | 4.20 | 0.010 | |||
| Geographic area | ||||||
| central Italy vs northern Italy | -2.32 | 3.29 | 0.480 | |||
| southern Italy vs northern Italy | -12.71 | 3.46 | <0.001 | |||
| Etiology | ||||||
| cryptogenic vs symptomatic | 4.58 | 3.11 | 0.141 | |||
| idiopathic vs symptomatic | 2.72 | 3.90 | 0.486 | |||
| Intercept | 208.32 | 3.95 | <0.001 | 217.69 | 5.87 | <0.001 |
| R2 | 0.01 | 0.25 | ||||
| Age | ||||||
| 30-<40 | -2.40 | 4.12 | 0.561 | -0.77 | 3.67 | 0.834 |
| 40-<50 | -5.11 | 4.89 | 0.296 | -4.50 | 4.44 | 0.311 |
| 50-<60 | -8.80 | 5.81 | 0.130 | -8.00 | 5.28 | 0.130 |
| ≥ 60 | 0.99 | 5.75 | 0.863 | 3.49 | 5.40 | 0.519 |
| Duration of epilepsy | ||||||
| 10-<20 | 2.54 | 4.12 | 0.538 | 4.62 | 3.66 | 0.207 |
| 20-<30 | -1.91 | 4.37 | 0.663 | 5.18 | 4.01 | 0.197 |
| 30-<40 | -10.57 | 5.17 | 0.041 | 4.83 | 4.79 | 0.314 |
| ≥ 40 | -17.02 | 6.89 | 0.014 | -5.02 | 6.34 | 0.429 |
| Seizure frequency in preceding 12 months | ||||||
| 1-5 vs seizure free | -18.19 | 3.50 | <0.001 | |||
| 6-20 vs seizure free | -23.33 | 4.49 | <0.001 | |||
| ≥ 20 vs seizure free | -32.64 | 4.04 | <0.001 | |||
| Psychiatric disturbances | ||||||
| yes vs no | -20.07 | 4.04 | <0.001 | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| male vs female | 8.49 | 2.72 | 0.002 | |||
| Therapy | ||||||
| monotherapy vs polytherapy | 9.74 | 3.15 | 0.002 | |||
| no therapy vs polytherapy | 18.63 | 10.97 | 0.090 | |||
| Intellectual functions | ||||||
| compromised vs normal | -12.44 | 4.15 | 0.003 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| 9-13 years vs <9 years | 7.15 | 3.15 | 0.024 | |||
| ≥ 14 years vs <9 years | 10.28 | 4.17 | 0.014 | |||
| Geographic area | ||||||
| central Italy vs northern Italy | -2.51 | 3.31 | 0.449 | |||
| southern Italy vs northern Italy | -13.21 | 3.47 | <0.001 | |||
| Etiology | ||||||
| cryptogenic vs symptomatic | 4.49 | 3.09 | 0.146 | |||
| idiopathic vs symptomatic | 3.30 | 3.89 | 0.397 | |||
| Intercept | 212.82 | 3.43 | <0.001 | 213.15 | 6.09 | <0.001 |
| R2 | 0.02 | 0.25 | ||||
| Age at onset | ||||||
| 10-<25 | 1.08 | 4.22 | 0.797 | -3.59 | 3.75 | 0.339 |
| 25-<55 | -5.21 | 5.23 | 0.319 | -8.17 | 4.76 | 0.086 |
| ≥ 55 | 3.64 | 8.49 | 0.668 | 5.29 | 7.78 | 0.497 |
| Duration of epilepsy | ||||||
| 10-<20 | 1.58 | 4.34 | 0.715 | 4.32 | 3.86 | 0.263 |
| 20-<30 | -3.86 | 4.69 | 0.411 | 3.45 | 4.27 | 0.418 |
| 30-<40 | -14.47 | 5.46 | 0.008 | 0.54 | 5.07 | 0.914 |
| ≥ 40 | -20.60 | 7.02 | 0.003 | -9.04 | 6.48 | 0.164 |
| Seizure frequency in preceding 12 months | ||||||
| 1-5 vs seizure free | -18.49 | 3.50 | <0.001 | |||
| 6-20 vs seizure free | -23.19 | 4.48 | <0.001 | |||
| ≥ 20 vs seizure free | -32.71 | 4.03 | <0.001 | |||
| Psychiatric disturbances | ||||||
| yes vs no | -19.75 | 4.03 | <0.001 | |||
| Gender | ||||||
| male vs female | 8.34 | 2.72 | 0.002 | |||
| Therapy | ||||||
| monotherapy vs polytherapy | 9.99 | 3.14 | 0.002 | |||
| no therapy vs polytherapy | 18.37 | 10.97 | 0.094 | |||
| Intellectual functions | ||||||
| compromised vs normal | -12.74 | 4.15 | 0.002 | |||
| Education | ||||||
| 9-13 years vs <9 years | 7.26 | 3.11 | 0.020 | |||
| ≥ 14 years vs <9 years | 11.06 | 4.15 | 0.008 | |||
| Geographic area | ||||||
| central Italy vs northern Italy | -2.46 | 3.30 | 0.457 | |||
| southern Italy vs northern Italy | -13.32 | 3.46 | <0.001 | |||
| Etiology | ||||||
| cryptogenic vs symptomatic | 5.231 | 3.106 | 0.093 | |||
| idiopathic vs symptomatic | 3.264 | 3.888 | 0.401 | |||
| Intercept | 212.22 | 5.21 | <0.001 | 215.85 | 7.03 | <0.001 |
| R2 | 0.03 | 0.26 | ||||
aType-1 models include only the age-related variables as predictors of the overall Epi-QoL score. Type-2 models include the age-related variables and the selected potential confounders (as listed in the left outer column of the table). All variables included in the models were shown.β: unstandardized regression coefficient; SE: standard error.