Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted associations between depressive symptoms (and other covariates) and frequency of fast-food intake in midlife women, Baltimore, Maryland, 2000–2004
| Frequency of fast food intakes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Less than monthly |
At least monthly, less than weekly |
At least weekly | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR |
| (n, %) | (n, %) | (n, %) | (95% CI)a | (95% CI)a,b | |
| Depressive Symptoms | |||||
| Absent | 293 (62.2) | 118 (25.1) | 60 (12.7) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Present | 79 (51.0) | 50 (32.2) | 26 (16.8) | 1.54 (1.08–2.18) | 1.54 (1.06–2.25) |
| Age (years) | |||||
| 45–49 | 241 (59.5) | 106 (26.2) | 58 (14.3) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 50–54 | 131 (59.3) | 62 (28.1) | 28 (12.7) | 0.98 (0.71–1.36) | 0.98 (0.69–1.38) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 337 (64.6) | 129 (24.7) | 56 (10.7) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Black | 29 (31.9) | 36 (39.6) | 26 (28.5) | 3.65 (2.39–5.57) | 2.61 (1.65–4.15) |
| Otherc | 5 (45.4) | 3 (27.3) | 3 (27.3) | 2.50 (0.82–7.61) | 2.47 (0.79–7.68) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 261 (62.1) | 108 (25.7) | 51 (12.2) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Single | 44 (53.7) | 26 (31.7) | 12 (14.6) | 1.38 (0.87–2.18) | 1.08 (0.63–1.87) |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated | 67 (54.5) | 34 (27.6) | 22 (17.9) | 1.42 (0.96–2.09) | 1.14 (0.71–1.82) |
| Education | |||||
| <College graduate | 138 (52.3) | 78 (29.5) | 48 (18.2) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| College graduate or greater | 234 (64.6) | 90 (24.8) | 38 (10.5) | 0.58 (0.43–0.80) | 0.81 (0.57–1.14) |
| Annual household income ($) | |||||
| <50,000 | 95 (54.3) | 47 (26.9) | 33 (18.8) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| ≥50,000 | 274 (61.6) | 119 (26.7) | 52 (11.7) | 0.70 (0.49–0.98) | 1.07 (0.69–1.66) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| ≤24.9 | 187 (70.0) | 60 (22.5) | 20 (7.5) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 25–29.9 | 105 (61.4) | 45 (26.3) | 21 (12.2) | 1.50 (1.01–2.23) | 1.39 (0.92–2.10) |
| ≥30 | 79 (42.2) | 63 (33.7) | 45 (24.1) | 3.32 (2.28–4.84) | 2.43 (1.62–3.66) |
| Smoking Status | |||||
| Never/Former | 347 (61.2) | 145 (22.6) | 75 (13.2) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Current | 25 (43.1) | 22 (37.9) | 11 (19.0) | 1.90 (1.14–3.16) | 1.25 (0.72–2.16) |
| Leisure physical activity | |||||
| Moderate/Heavy | 227 (66.8) | 74 (21.7) | 39 (11.5) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Inactive/Light | 145 (50.7) | 94 (32.9) | 47 (16.4) | 1.86 (1.36–2.55) | 1.38 (0.98–1.93) |
| Current anti-depressant use | |||||
| No | 292 (58.2) | 140 (27.9) | 70 (13.9) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 80 (64.5) | 28 (22.6) | 16 (12.9) | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) | 0.75 (0.49–1.15) |
a
Derived using ordinal logistic regression where the outcome variable, fast-food intake, was coded in the analyses as 0 = less than monthly; 1 = at least monthly, less than weekly; 2 = at least weekly.
b
Each OR is adjusted for all other variables listed on the table
c
Includes responses categorized as “Hispanic/Latino”, “Asian/Indian” and “Other”