Metastasis-associated protein 1 induces VEGF-C and facilitates lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer

Abstract

AIM: To study the correlation between high metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) expression and lymphangiogenesis in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its role in production of vascular endothelial growth factor-C(VEGF-C).

METHODS: Impact of high MTA1 and VEGF-C expression levels on disease progression and lymphovascular density (LVD, D2-40-immunolabeled) in 81 cases of human CRC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. VEGF-C mRNA and protein expressions in human LoVo and HCT116 cell lines were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively, with a stable expression vector or siRNA.

RESULTS: The elevated MTA1 and VEGF-C expression levels were correlated with lymph node metastasis and Dukes stages (P < 0.05). Additionally, high MTA1 expression level was correlated with a large tumor size (P < 0.05). A significant correlation was found between MTA1 and VEGF-C protein expressions in tumor cells (r = 0.371, P < 0.05). Similar to the VEGF-C expression level, high MTA1 expression level was correlated with high LVD in CRC (P < 0.05). Furthermore, over-expression of MTA1 significantly enhanced the VEGF-C mRNA and protein expression levels, whereas siRNAs - knocked down MTA1 decreased the VEGF-C expression level.

CONCLUSION: MTA1, as a regulator of tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis, promotes lymphangiogenesis in CRC by mediating the VEGF-C expression.

INTRODUCTION

Lymphatic metastasis is one of the most important metastatic routes of epithelial cancer including colorectal cancer (CRC)[1]. Excessive formation of new lymphatics (lymphangiogenesis) in CRC is a key process for lymphatic metastasis, and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) is an indicator for lymphangiogenesis[1-3]. Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) is expressed in a wide range of epithelial cancers and plays a crucial role in tumor metastasis[4]. MTA1 has been established as the only single gene showing consistently increased in lymph node metastases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma[5]. A large number of clinicopathological studies show that elevated MTA1 is correlated with lymph node metastasis of epithelial cancer[4,6-9]. These data indicate that MTA1 is involved in lymphatic metastasis of epithelial cancer. However, whether the pro-metastatic effects of MTA1 are mediated by promoting lymphangiogenesis remains unknown.

MTA1, as a part of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation complex (NuRD), promotes metastasis of cancer by regulating many tumor-associated genes[4,9]. For example, MTA1 physically binds to hypoxia-inducible factor -1α (HIF-1α) and increases its transcriptional activity, leading to enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A which is associated with metastasis[10,11]. VEGF-C is another member of the VEGF family and the major regulatory factor for tumor lymphangiogenesis[1,2]. Similar to VEGF-A, VEGF-C is also directly induced by HIF-1α[12-14], and therefore, is a potential target molecule of MTA1. Thus, whether MTA1 can promote lymphangiogenesis by up-regulating the expression of VEGF-C in CRC is unknown and worthy of further study.

In this study, the expression of MTA1 was correlated with VEGF-C in CRC specimens. MTA1 was related with high LVD, indicating that MTA1 promotes lymphangiogenesis and thus induces metastasis of tumor. Furthermore, MTA1 mediated VEGF-C expression, suggesting MTA1 can promote lymphangiogenesis by increasing the VEGF-C expression level in CRC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Colorectal cancer samples

Eighty-one CRC tissue specimens, provided by Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24-48 h,embedded in paraffin wax, and then cut into sections which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and reviewed twice by two experienced pathologists to verify the diagnosis, histological grade and type, based on the system of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). A synopsis of the clinicopathological parameters is provided in Table 1.

Table 1.

Correlation of metastasis-associated protein 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C immunohistochemistry with clinicopathological parameters of patients

Parameters of patients		MTA1			VEGF-C
	n	High	Low	P value	High	Low	P value
Age
≤ 60	34	11	23	0.805	16	18	0.552
> 60	47	14	33		19	28
Gender
Male	45	17	28	0.132	21	24	0.483
Female	36	8	28		14	22
Tumor Size
≤ 5 cm	46	10	36	0.042	18	28	0.395
> 5 cm	35	15	20		17	18
Location
Colon	47	16	31	0.467	18	29	0.294
Rectum	34	9	25		17	17
Depth of invasion
T1 + T2	15	3	12	0.313	4	11	0.152
T3 + T4	66	22	44		31	35
Differentiation
Well, moderately	59	15	44	0.083	24	35	0.451
Poorly	22	10	12		11	11
Dukes stages
A + B	41	8	33	0.004	10	31	0.001
C + D	40	17	23		25	15
Lymph node metastasis
Yes	40	17	23	0.025	24	16	0.003
No	41	8	33		11	30

MTA1: Metastasis-associated protein 1; VEGF-C: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C.

Immunohistochemical staining

The sections of CRC tissue specimen were stained with immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a streptavidin-peroxidase technique (Beijing Zhong Shan Golden Bridge Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China). Briefly, the sections were incubated in methanol/H₂O₂ for 30 min to inhibit the endogenous peroxidase activity, washed with PBS for 5 min and blocked with normal goat serum for 20 min at room temperature. The sections were incubated with antibodies against MTA1 (sc-9446; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., CA, USA) or VEGF-C (sc-7133; Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., CA, USA) overnight at 4°C, then with biotinylated secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature and avidin-conjugated peroxidase for 45 min at room temperature. The sections were washed three times with PBS between each step. Peroxidase was stained with diaminobenzidine (1 mg/mL) and H₂O₂ for 5 min and washed with tap water for 10 min. The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin for 1 min. PBS was used as a negative control instead of primary antibody.

Evaluation of immunostaining

Two investigators who were blinded to the patient outcomes and all clinicopathological findings examined the stainings independently. Positive expression of MTA1 and VEGF-C was detected by estimating the staining intensity and the percentage of tumor cells showing specific immunoreactivity. Samples with 10% tumor cells were defined as positive. The intensity score was defined as 0 (no staining), 1 (weak staining), 2 (moderate staining), and 3 (strong staining), respectively, as previously described[15,16]. Tumors with a score > 2 (moderate and strong expression) showed a high expression level of MTA1 and VEGF-C[15,16].

Assessment of LVD

LVD in CRC tissue sections that were single-stained for D2-40 was quantitatively analyzed as previously described[3,17]. Tumoral LVD located at the periphery of tissue, within 2 mm of the tumor and adjacent to the invasive front was assessed. Five areas with most lymphatic regions (“hot spots”) were chosen by light microscopy at 40 × magnification. LVD was assessed by counting all stained vessels at 200 × magnification. The assessed mean number of lymphatics was determined and expressed as LVD[17,18]. The LVD was scored and counted by two investigators independently who were blinded to clinical information about the patients.

Cell culture

Human CRC cell lines, HCT116 and LoVo, purchased from Center of Experimental Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University (Guangzhou, China), were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Life Technologies Corporation, CA, USA) containing 100 IU/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum in a humidified atmosphere containing 5mL CO2 at 37°C.

RNA interference

Two 21-nucleotide MTA1 siRNAs (si-MTA1#1 and si-MTA1#2) were designed to target the sequences 5'-GGAGAAUCGAGGAGCUCAACA-3' and 5'-GCAUCAUUGAGUACUACUACA-3' of MTA1 mRNA (NCBI accession number: NM_004689.3). BLAST searches indicated that the targeted regions had no significant homology with any other genes. A non-targeting siRNA was used as a negative control (NC, 5'-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3') in all siRNA transfection experiments. All siRNAs, purchased from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China) were transfected twice at 24-h intervals with Oligofectamine reagent (Life Technologies Corporation, CA, USA) according to its manufacturer’s protocol[19].

Plasmid and transfection

Plasmid MTA1-EGFP-C1 (a gift from Professor Chen Anman at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China)[20] and plasmid EGFP-C1 vector (as a blank control) was transfected into LoVo cells with Oligofectamine reagent (Life Technologies Corporation, CA, USA) according to its manufacturer’s protocol. Medium was supplemented with 400-800 μg /mL G418 (Life Technologies Corporation, CA, USA) to screen for positive cells, then with 400 μg/mL G418 after two weeks. Positive cell clones were isolated by ring chining and further expanded for genetic and functional characterization. Expression of MTA1 was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting, respectively.

Real-time PCR

MTA1 and VEGF-C mRNA was analyzed by real-time PCR as previously described[19]. Briefly, total RNA was extracted from cells using TRIzol (Life Technologies Corporation, CA, USA). First strand cDNA was synthesized from mRNA using a Primescript™ RT reagent kit (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan). Real-time PCR was carried out using the SYBR Premix ExTaq™ (TaKaRa, Tokyo, Japan) according to its manufacturer’s instructions. The input was normalized by GAPDH mRNA. Gene-specific primers are as follows: 5'-AGCTACGAGCAGCACAACGGGGT-3' (forward primer for mta1) and 5'- CACGCTTGGTTTCCGAGGAT-3' (reverse primer, 289 bp), 5'-AACCTCCATGTGTGTCCGTC-3' (forward primer for vegf-c) and 5'-TGGCAAAACTGATTGTTACTGG-3' (reverse primer, 156 bp), 5'-ACAGTCCATGCCATCACTGCC-3' (forward primer for GAPDH) and 5'-GCCTGCTTCACCACCTTCTTG-3' (reverse primer, 266 bp). Experiments were performed in triplicate, with the results represented as mean ± SE.

Western blotting

MTA1 and VEGF-C protein expression was detected by Western blotting as previously described[21]. Briefly, the cells were lysed in a RIPA buffer (1% NP-40, 150 mm NaCl, 0.05% DOC, 1% SDS, and 50 mM TrisCl, pH = 7.5) containing protease inhibitors. After separated by SDS-PAGE, the proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and subjected to immunoblotting with antibodies against MTA1 (Santa Cruz Biochemistry, CA, USA), VEGF-C (Santa Cruz Biochemistry, CA, USA) and tubulin (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., MI, USA) at 4°C overnight. After washed, the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and visualized using the ECL chemiluminescence system (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., MA, USA).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Pearson’s χ² test was used to examine the relation between immunostaining scores of two different markers within different clinicopathological subgroups. Spearman’s rank-order correlation was used to test immunostaining scores of the significant association between MTA1 and VEGF-C. Student’s t-test was used to determine differences in two data sets, including the effect of LVD and siRNA treatment or gene transfection on gene expression. All tests were two-tailed and P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Immunohistochemistry for MTA1 and VEGF-C expression in CRC tissue specimens

The expression of MTA1 and VEGF-C protein was detected in CRC tissue samples with IHC staining and the correlation between their expression and clinicopathological parameters was further analyzed. The MTA1 immunoreactivity was detected primarily in nuclei and weakly in cytoplasm of tumor cells with with IHC staining (Figure 1A-D), whereas positive VEGF-C staining was observed in cytoplasm (Figure 1E-H). However, faint staining of VEGF-C was occasionally observed in normal epithelial cells and stromal components showed, particularly in adjacent stromal endothelial cells, which is consistent with the reported findings[16,22,23].

Figure 1.

Immunohistochemical labeling for metastasis-associated protein 1, vascular endothelial growth factor-C in colorectal cancer. Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) (A-D) and VEGF-C (E-H) expressions are indicated as score 0 (A and E), score 1 (B and F), score 2 (C and G), and score 3 (D and H), respectively. MTA1 showing extremely weak staining of cytoplasm and intense staining of nuclei, while VEGF-C showing staining of cytoplasm of tumor cells (×200).

The correlation between the MTA1 and VEGF-C expression and the clinicopathologic parameters is shown in Table 1. High MTA1 expression level was observed in 25 (30.8%) of the 81 tumor tissue samples, while high VEGF-C expression level was found in 35 (43.2%) of the 81 tumor tissue samples. The MTA1 and VEGF-C expressions were correlated with lymph node metastasis and Dukes stages (P < 0.05). Additionally, the high MTA1 expression level was correlated with a large tumor size (P < 0.05). Neither MTA1 nor VEGF-C was correlated with tumor location, differentiation, infiltration, and sex or age of the patients.

A significant correlation was found between MTA1 and VEGF-C protein expressions in tumor cells (r = 0.371, P < 0.05, Table 2), indicating that the high MTA1expression level can facilitate lymphatic metastasis of CRC.

Table 2.

Correlation between expression levels of metastasis-associated protein 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-C in human colorectal cancer

MTA1a	VEGF-Ca
	Score 0	Score 1	Score 2	Score 3
Score 0	101	8	5	2
Score 1	8	13	6	4
Score 2	4	2	8	1
Score 3	0	1	3	6

^aP = 0.001, r = 0.371, Spearman's coefficient of correlation.

¹Number of cases. MTA1: Metastasis-associated protein 1; VEGF-C: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C .

Correlation between high MTA1 and VEGF-C expression level and LVD in CRC

It has been reported that high peritumoral LVD is an independent risk factor for lymphangiogenesis[3,24]. Immunostaining of D2-40 is a specific marker for evaluation of lymphatic invasion and lymphatic microvessel density in human cancers[3,24,25]. To further determine whether MTA1 plays a role in lymphangiogenesis, the correlation between the expression of MTA1 and the quantity of D2-40 positive lymphatic vessels was analyzed in this study. The lymphatic vessels were lined with a single layer of D2-40 positive endothelial cells, while the adjacent blood vessels containing erythrocytes showed negative staining. Lymphatic vessels were distributed unevenly throughout the sections, and mostly located in the peritumoral area (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Morphological features of D2-40 positive lymphatic vessels in colorectal cancer. A: Positive D2-40 stained lymphatic vessels with thin walls and irregular shapes in peritumoral area (asterisk, × 100); B: Positive D2-40 stained lymphatic vessel containing tumor emboli within tumor mass (arrow head) and D2-40-negative erythrocytes (black arrows, × 200).

The LVD was 9- 31 with a mean of 17.76. The mean LVD was 19.92 and 19.60, respectively, in patients with a high MTA-1 and VEGF-C expression level, and 16.37 and 16.80, respectively, in those with a low, MTA-1 and VEGF-C expression level (P < 0.05), indicating that MTA1 also promotes lymphangiogenesis of CRC as VEGF-C. The correlation between MTA1 and VEGF-C expression and LVD is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Correlation between metastasis-associated protein 1 or vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression and lymphovascular density. Analysis of subgroups with low and high metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) and VEGF-C are presented by box bars. Tumors with higher MTA1 and VEGF-C expression showed significantly higher microvessel density than tumors with lower expression. LVD: Lymphovascular density. VEGF-C: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C.

MTA1 regulates the expression of VEGF-C in CRC cell lines

After a positive relation was established between MTA1 and VEGF-C expressions in CRC tissue specimens, whether MTA1 mediates VEGF-C expression in CRC cell lines was studied. HCT-116 cells with a high MTA1 level and LoVo cells with a low MTA1 level were used in our next experiments as previously described[26,27]. The expression of MTA1 and VEGF-C was detected in these two cell lines by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The MTA1 and VEGF-C mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in HCT-116 cells than in LoVo cells (Figure 4A).

Figure 4.

Metastasis-associated protein 1 regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C in colorectal cancer cell lines. Western blotting (left panel) and real-time PCR (right panel) showing different expressions of metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) and VEGF-C in HCT116 and LoVo cell lines (A), increased VEGF-C expression in LoVo cells due to overexpression of MTA1 (B), and decreased VEGF-C expression in HCT116 cells due to knocked down MTA1 (C). 1 and 2 indicate two different si-MTA1 oligonucleotide as showed in "Materials and Methods". All data represent three independent experiments ± SE, with n = 3 and ^bP < 0.01. VEGF-C: Vascular endothelial growth factor-C.

To determine whether MTA1 is responsible for the expression of VEGF-C, the MTA1 stable expression vector was used to mimic the MTA1 protein expression in LoVo cells, showing that the MTA1 stable expression vector significantly increased the MTA1 protein expression, while the VEGF-C protein expression level was remarkably up-regulated by the MTA1 stable expression vector compared to the mock and control vector (Figure 4B, left panel). Furthermore, over-expression of the MTA1 stable vector enhanced the VEGF-C mRNA expression level compared to the mock and control vector (Figure 4B, right panel), suggesting that MTA1 is required for VEGF-C expression.

To further specifically confirm the regulation of VEGF-C by MTA1, siRNA-mediated knockdown of MTA1 was employed. HCT116 cells were transfected with two siRNAs specific for MTA1. MTA1-targeted siRNAs specifically suppressed the MTA1 protein expression, while the level of an unrelated gene (like Tubulin) was unaffected, verifying that the siRNAs have a high selectivity and efficacy (Figure 4C, left panel). Furthermore, the silencing of MTA1 endogenous expression significantly decreased the VEGF-C protein expression, whereas the RNA interference technique had no significant effect on the VEGF-C expression as revealed by the negative control siRNA (NC), (Figure 4C, left panel), indicating that MTA1 is necessary for VEGF-C expression. Furthermore, knockdown of MTA1 expression decreased the VEGF-C mRNA expression level (Figure 4C, right panel), suggesting that MTA1 mediates VEGF-C expression in CRC cell lines.

DISCUSSION

This study investigated whether the expression of VEGF-C regulated by MTA1 affects the lymphangiogenesis of colon cancer. IHC studies in CRC specimens and mechanistic studies with genetic manipulation in colon cancer cell lines, demonstrated that MTA1-mediated expression of VEGF-C could facilitate the lymphangiogenesis of colon cancer.

MTA1 is associated with progression to the metastatic state in many epithelial cancers, including carcinomas of breast[6,28], prostate[22], and esophagus[7], as well as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma[5]. However, the relation between MTA1 and CRC metastasis is not clear. It has been showed that the expression of MTA1 mRNA in CRC is significantly correlated to the depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis[29]. It was reported that the expression level of MTA1 mRNA is higher in colorectal cancer tissue than in its adjacent normal tissue[30]. In this study, the MTA1 protein expression in CRC tissue specimens was evaluated with IHC staining, showing that the MTA1 expression level was significantly higher in primary CRC tumors with lymph node metastases than in those without lymph node metastases, which is consistent with the reported data[29,30].

Hematogenous and lymphatic metastases are the two main forms of tumor metastasis to distant organs. Jang et al[31] examined MTA1 protein expression and microvessel density (MVD) in breast cancer tissue specimens and showed that MTA1 overexpression is significantly correlated with high MVD. The proangiogenic effects of MTA1 have also been observed in hepatocellular carcinoma[32] and prostate cancer[22]. In this study, the over-expression of MTA1 was significantly associated with the increased tumor LVD, indicating that MTA1 facilitates tumor metastasis by up-regulating angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.

The presence of VEGF-C, an independent predictor of poor survival, is associated with lymphangiogenesis[17,23]. In this study, the expression of VEGF-C was correlated with lymphatic metastases and greater LVD in CRC, which is consistent with the reported findings[1,23,27]. More importantly, the lymphangiogenesis up-regulated by MTA1 was related to the induction of VEGF-C, the expression of MTA1 in CRC tissue specimens was associated with that of VEGF-C, over-expression of MTA1 increased the expression level of VEGF-C, and knockdown of MTA1 reduced it in CRC cell lines, indicating that MTA1 mediates the induction of VEGF-C during lymphangiogenesis of CRC.

Although we demonstrated MTA1 could mediate VEGF-C expression, its precise mechanism remains to be defined. MTA1 regulates the expression of target genes by inhibiting or promoting their transcriptional activity. For example, MTA1 has a strong transcription repressing activity on estrogen receptor-α[33] and BRCA1[34] (breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein) by forming a complex with NuRD. However, other studies demonstrate that MTA1 stimulates the transcriptional activity of several gene promoters by interacting with RNA polymerase II[35,36]. Moreover, the expression of MTA1 can be strongly induced under hypoxic conditions in breast cancer cell lines, and MTA1 over-expression increases the transcriptional activity and stability of HIF-1α protein[10,11]. Hypoxia is one of the most powerful inducers of lymphangiogenesis, and VEGF-C is a target molecule of HIF-1α[13,14,37,38]. Therefore, MTA1 can promote VEGF-C expression through the HIF-1α pathways. The precise mechanism involved in MTA1 targeting of VEGF-C should be further studied.

In conclusion, MTA1 plays a role in lymphangiogenesis of human CRC by up-regulating VEGF-C, a key regulator of lymphangiogenic factors, thus providing a novel mechanism underlying the relation between the high MTA1 level, cancer metastasis and poor outcome. Therefore, MTA1 is a potentially novel target for the treatment of lymphatic metastasis of human CRC.

COMMENTS

Background

Excessive formation of new lymphatics (lymphangiogenesis) in colorectal cancer (CRC) facilitates metastasis of cancer cells to lymph nodes and distant organs. Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) is expressed in a wide range of epithelial cancers including CRC, and plays a crucial role in their metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) is the major regulatory factor for CRC lymphangiogenesis.

Research frontiers

MTA1 is involved in regulation of VEGF family during metastasis. Whether MTA1 promotes lymphangiogenesis by up-regulating the expression of VEGF-C in CRC needs to be further studied.

Innovations and breakthroughs

This is the first study to demonstrate that MTA1 plays a role in lymphangiogenesis by up-regulating VEGF-C, thus providing a novel mechanism of MTA1 underlying the promotion of CRC metastasis.

Applications

The findings in this study are of value in explanation of the mechanism of CRC lymphangiogenesis. MTA1 may be used as a new potential target for the treatment of lymphatic metastasis of human CRC, although further animal experiments are required to confirm its activity in promoting lymphangiogenesis of CRC.

Peer review

It is a well written manuscript with promising results that may be the basis of forthcoming new research in CRC biology and therapy. The correlation between MTA1 and VEGF-C is of great clinical importance, as new therapeutic targets may be identified based on the results of this study.