Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes from the FinnDiane Study, stratified according to 24-h urinary sodium excretion
| Quartile |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low, <102 mmol/day | Middle, 102–187 mmol/day | High, >187 mmol/day | |
| Age (years) | 38 ± 13 | 39 ± 12 | 39 ± 12 |
| Male (%) | 32.6* | 49.2 | 71.5* |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 22 ± 12 | 22 ± 12 | 20 ± 11* |
| Insulin dose (units/kg) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 8.4 ± 1.4 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.4* | 25.0 ± 3.5 | 26.1 ± 3.5* |
| Hypertension (%) | 44.5* | 50.2 | 53.6* |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| Systolic | 132 ± 18 | 133 ± 18 | 135 ± 18* |
| Diastolic | 78 ± 9* | 79 ± 9 | 81 ± 10* |
| Antihypertensive medication use (%) | 33.6 | 37.1 | 39.3* |
| ACE inhibition | 28.9 | 27.4 | 24.4 |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 6.2 | 5.1 | 3.8 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 7.3 | 8.5 | 10.0 |
| β-blocker | 9.7 | 10.3 | 9.0 |
| Diuretic | 9.4 | 10.0 | 8.1 |
| Lipid-lowering therapy (%) | 10.8 | 9.5 | 10.8 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | |||
| Total§ | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 1.0 |
| LDL§ | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8* |
| HDL§ | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4* |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.9 |
| Any retinopathy (%) | 52 | 50 | 52 |
| Retinopathy requiring laser therapy (%) | 29 | 31 | 28 |
| Current smoker (%) | 23 | 24 | 27 |
| Established macrovascular disease (%) | 9.2 | 7.5 | 6.4 |
| Normoalbuminuria (%) | 68.7 | 69.9 | 71.1 |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 16.4 | 14.5 | 13.8 |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 14.9 | 15.6 | 15.2 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84 ± 23 | 84 ± 22 | 87 ± 21* |
*Versus middle quartiles, univariate P < 0.05 (for independent predictors of baseline urinary sodium excretion in a multivariate regression model see Supplementary Table 1).
§To convert values for cholesterol to milligrams per deciliter, divide by 0.02586.