Table 2.
Crude age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates and fully adjusted rate ratios* of each outcome by racial subgroup, DISTANCE study, 1996–2006
| Outcomes | White | African American | Latino | All Asians | Filipino | Chinese | Japanese | South Asian | Pacific Islander |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI: n/N | 4,276/36,185 | 658/8,131 | 559/7,257 | 529/6,550 | 287/3,399 | 124/1,743 | 74/899 | 44/509 | 66/537 |
| Total person-years of follow-up | 249,426 | 58,336 | 53,160 | 49,010 | 24,956 | 13,460 | 7,031 | 3,563 | 3,572 |
| Unadjusted rate (95% CI) | 17.1 (16.6–17.7) | 11.3 (10.4–12.2) | 10.5 (9.7–11.4) | 10.8 (9.9–11.8) | 11.5 (10.2–12.9) | 9.2 (7.7–11.0) | 10.5 (8.3–13.2) | 12.3 (9.0–16.6) | 18.5 (14.3–23.5) |
| Age- and sex-adjusted rate (95% CI) | 5.9 (5.7–6.2) | 4.3 (3.9–4.8) | 4.2 (3.8–4.7) | 4.1 (3.7–4.6) | 4.7 (4.0–5.4) | 3.6 (2.6–4.8) | 3.3 (2.3–4.4) | 5.9 (3.3–9.1) | 10.1 (6.8–14.0) |
| Fully adjusted rate ratio (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.66 (0.47–0.91) | 0.63 (0.43–0.91) | 0.58 (0.40–0.85) | 0.40 (0.21–0.77) | 0.41 (0.18–0.93) | 0.67 (0.34–1.31) | 1.99 (0.97–4.09) | 1.05 (0.39–2.84) |
| CHF: n/N | 3,400/36,995 | 794/8,021 | 478/7,420 | 355/6,602 | 193/3,415 | 81/1,744 | 55/908 | 26/535 | 35/547 |
| Total person-years of follow-up | 261,568 | 57,636 | 55,154 | 50,407 | 25,624 | 13,662 | 7,243 | 3,878 | 3,804 |
| Unadjusted rate (95% CI) | 13.0 (12.6–13.4) | 13.8 (12.8–14.8) | 8.7 (7.9–9.5) | 7.0 (6.3–7.8) | 7.5 (6.5–8.7) | 5.9 (4.7–7.4) | 7.6 (5.7–9.9) | 6.7 (4.4–9.8) | 9.2 (6.4–12.8) |
| Age- and sex-adjusted rate (95% CI) | 4.2 (4.1–4.4) | 5.2 (4.7–5.8) | 3.5 (3.1–4.0) | 2.8 (2.4–3.3) | 3.5 (2.9–4.2) | 2.5 (1.0–4.3) | 2.6 (1.7–3.6) | 4.4 (0.9–9.2) | 4.0 (2.4–5.9) |
| Fully adjusted rate ratio (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.24 (0.92–1.68) | 0.64 (0.42–0.99) | 0.80 (0.53–1.21) | 0.79 (0.43–1.46) | 0.74 (0.35–1.56) | 0.55 (0.22–1.33) | 2.29 (0.92–5.65) | 0.73 (0.18–2.96) |
| Stroke: n/N | 3,212/38,376 | 713/8,325 | 445/7,531 | 417/6,668 | 194/3,455 | 130/1,757 | 67/913 | 26/543 | 38/579 |
| Total person-years of follow-up | 266,344 | 59,168 | 55,446 | 50,324 | 25,710 | 13,527 | 7,134 | 3,953 | 3,961 |
| Unadjusted rate (95% CI) | 12.1 (11.6–12.5) | 12.1 (11.2–13.0) | 8.0 (7.3–8.8) | 8.3 (7.5–9.1) | 7.5 (6.5–8.7) | 9.6 (8.0–11.4) | 9.4 (7.3–11.9) | 6.6 (4.3–9.6) | 9.6 (6.8–13.2) |
| Age- and sex-adjusted rate (95% CI) | 3.9 (3.6–4.1) | 5.0 (4.2–5.8) | 3.1 (2.8–3.6) | 3.1 (2.7–3.6) | 3.2 (2.6–3.9) | 3.2 (2.5–4.0) | 2.8 (1.7–4.3) | 3.4 (1.5–5.8) | 5.2 (2.8–8.3) |
| Fully adjusted rate ratio (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.59 (0.39–0.90) | 0.58 (0.38–0.87) | 0.65 (0.37–1.14) | 0.28 (0.11–0.70) | 0.85 (0.45–1.61) | 0.52 (0.13–2.10) | 0.53 (0.13–2.14) |
| ESRD: n/N | 1,080/39,898 | 528/8,519 | 356/7,648 | 337/6,797 | 188/3,512 | 79/1,801 | 57/937 | 13/547 | 39/576 |
| Total person-years of follow-up | 279,802 | 61,040 | 56,507 | 51,465 | 26,128 | 13,932 | 7,379 | 4,025 | 3,955 |
| Unadjusted rate (95% CI) | 3.9 (3.6–4.1) | 8.7 (7.9–9.4) | 6.3 (5.7–7.0) | 6.5 (5.9–7.3) | 7.2 (6.2–8.3) | 5.7 (4.5–7.1) | 7.7 (5.9–10.0) | 3.2 (1.7–5.5) | 9.9 (7.0–13.5) |
| Age- and sex-adjusted rate (95% CI) | 2.4 (2.1–2.8) | 4.8 (3.5–6.1) | 3.0 (2.4–3.7) | 2.9 (2.0–4.0) | 3.9 (2.3–5.7) | 1.9 (1.4–2.5) | 3.0 (1.6–4.6) | 1.1 (0.5–2.1) | 5.0 (2.7–7.8) |
| Fully adjusted rate ratio (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 3.37 (2.09–5.43) | 1.30 (0.65–2.59) | 1.77 (0.98–3.21) | 2.09 (0.93–4.67) | 1.47 (0.51–4.23) | 2.09 (0.81–5.40) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| LEA: n/N | 1,477/39,659 | 390/8,503 | 293/7,656 | 107/6,872 | 53/3,561 | 29/1,812 | 21/946 | 4/553 | 24/589 |
| Total person-years of follow-up | 277,454 | 61,304 | 56,698 | 52,526 | 26,793 | 14,105 | 7,547 | 4,081 | 4,058 |
| Unadjusted rate (95% CI) | 5.3 (5.1–5.6) | 6.4 (5.7–7.0) | 5.2 (4.6–5.8) | 2.0 (1.7–2.5) | 2.0 (1.5–2.6) | 2.1 (1.4–3.0) | 2.8 (1.7–4.3) | 1.0 (0.3–2.5) | 5.9 (3.8–8.8) |
| Age- and sex-adjusted rate (95% CI) | 2.4 (2.1–2.6) | 2.6 (2.2–3.1) | 2.1 (1.8–2.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.7 (0.3–1.1) | 1.3 (0.5–2.4) | 1.0 (−0.1 to 3.5) | 2.6 (1.5–4.0) |
| Fully adjusted rate ratio (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.75 (0.40–1.40) | 1.17 (0.65–2.10) | 0.29 (0.12–0.69) | 0.34 (0.10–1.14) | 0.18 (0.02–1.31) | 0.26 (0.04–1.90) | 0.38 (0.05–3.11) | 0.0 |
*Fully adjusted rate ratio comparing the rate in each ethnic group with that of whites using a Poisson regression model.