. 2011 Mar 21;34(4):975–981. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1545

Table 1.

Characteristics of nondiabetic control subjects (n = 45) and diabetic patients (n = 94) according to albuminuria stratum

	Nondiabetic subjects	Subjects with diabetes			P value in diabetes
	Nondiabetic subjects	Normoalbuminuria	Microalbuminuria	Macroalbuminuria	P value in diabetes
n	45	41	41	12
Age (years)	53 ± 13	59 ± 13	64 ± 12^*	63 ± 13^†	0.12
Male sex (%)	56	73	66	83	0.48
Diabetes duration (years)	—	24 ± 11	20 ± 9	27 ± 8	0.064
Type diabetes (% type 2)	—	49	78	83	0.007
History of cardiovascular disease (%)	0	22	45	64	0.018
Smoking (%)	22	10	32	33	0.035
BMI (kg/m²)	27 ± 6	30 ± 5^†	32 ± 6^‡	32 ± 5^†	0.28
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	132 ± 16	139 ± 15^†	141 ± 17^‡	152 ± 14^*	0.052
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74 ± 9	78 ± 10	77 ± 77	77 ± 13	0.90
Antihypertensive medication (%)	18	72^*	95^*	100^*	0.006
ACE inhibitors/ARBs (%)	4	65^*	80^*	83^*	0.24
Diuretics	11	32^*	63^*	75^*	0.015
Hypertension	36	85^*	97^*	100^*	0.071
HbA_1c (%)	5.4 ± 0.3	7.7 ± 1.0^*	7.6 ± 1.3^*	7.8 ± 0.7^*	0.87
eGFR Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (mL/min per 1.73 m²)	86 ± 14	85 ± 21	72 ± 22^‡	55 ± 24^‡	<0.001
ACR (mg/mmol)	0.56 (0.44–1.0)	0.70 (0.36–1.21)	8.7 (5.6–13.7)^*	115 (71–130)^*	<0.001

Parametric variables are expressed as means ± SD and nonparametric variables are median (interquartile range).

*P < 0.001;

†P < 0.05;

‡P < 0.01 vs. nondiabetic control subjects, calculated using the independent-samples t test for normal distributed variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for nonnormal distributed variables. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure >90 mmHg, or use of antihypertensive medication.