Table 2.
Cox proportional hazards models for progression to microalbuminuria*
| Univariate HR | P value | Multivariable HR† | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 0.80 (0.62–1.03) | 0.090 | 0.96 (0.69–1.34) | 0.826 |
| Education (≤6 years/>6 years) | 1.32 (1.02–1.70) | 0.031 | 1.36 (1.00–1.83) | 0.045 |
| Age at diabetes onset (years) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.048 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.448 |
| Diabetes duration at recruitment (years) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 0.033 | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.591 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Ex-smoker/nonsmoker | 0.52 (0.29–0.94) | 0.030 | 0.56 (0.30–1.05) | 0.073 |
| Current smoker/nonsmoker | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | 0.482 | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | 0.634 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.966 | — | — |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.246 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.070 |
| Urine ACR (mg/g) | 1.06 (1.04–1.07) | <0.001 | 1.06 (1.04–1.06) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.417 | — | — |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99–1.04) | 0.334 | — | — |
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 1.27 (0.98–1.65) | 0.064 | 1.39 (1.05–1.83) | 0.020 |
| HbA1c (%) | 1.57 (1.30–1.89) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.09–1.43) | 0.026 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Quartile 2/Quartile 1 | 1.41 (0.97–2.06) | 0.068 | 1.37 (0.93–2.02) | 0.110 |
| Quartile 3/Quartile 1 | 1.68 (1.16–2.44) | 0.005 | 1.66 (1.12–2.47) | 0.011 |
| Quartile 4/Quartile 1 | 1.73 (1.21–2.47) | 0.002 | 1.76 (1.20–2.59) | 0.003 |
Data are HR (95% CI).
*The covariates used in Cox proportional hazards models were baseline demographics and biomedical markers.
†The multivariate HRs were derived from a stepwise proportional hazards regression model.