FIG. 2.

Effect of TNF-α on expression of cytokine genes in human skeletal muscle cells. A: Human myotubes were cultured 8 h ± 20 ng/mL TNF-α, and cytokine mRNA levels were monitored by hybridization to Oligo nucleotide array membranes. White circles show modified mRNA levels between the two conditions on representative membranes out of four different experiments. B: Cytokine mRNA levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The data are the mean value of four independent experiments, and mRNA expression levels were normalized to cyclophilin A. HM + TNF, human skeletal muscle cells after 8-h culture with TNF-α; HM, human skeletal muscle cells after 8-h culture without TNF-α.