Serial effects (means ± SE) of two doses of lethal toxin (lethal toxin; 50 and 500 ng/ml) compared with controls on HR (A), coronary flow (B), LVDP (C), RPP (D), and LV dP/dtmax (E), and LV dP/dtmin (F) in a nonrecirculating model. The shaded area represents when the toxin was administered. Levels of significance are shown for the overall effect of toxin with placebo versus control (no toxin; pα) and the interaction between these effects and time (pβ). As described in materials and methods, for statistical analysis serial changes from baseline with lethal toxin were compared with serial changes from baseline in controls. However, for clarity in A–F, the serial effects of challenge (i.e., toxin minus control) are shown.