Table 1.

Evidence suggesting a role for HMGA1 in tumourigenesis and metastasis

Tumour type	Author (Year)	Experimental method	Key results
Breast	Ram et al, 1993 30	Murine cell lines, HMGA1 mRNA levels	↑HMGA1 expression correlates with neoplastic transformation
	Liu et al, 1999 44	Human cell lines, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 expression correlates with metastatic potential HMGA1 expression induced by heregulin
	Nestl et al, 2001 45	Rat cell lines, SSH	HMGA1 expression correlates with metastatic potential
	Dolde et al, 2002 46	Human cell lines, HMGA1 protein levels, antisense approach	↑HMGA1 expression correlates with matastatic potential ↓HMGA1 by antisense -> ↓transformation but no effect on proliferation
	Baldassarre et al, 2003 40	Human cell lines and tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 expression in highly tumourigenic cell lines and tumour tissues HMGA1 binds and inhibits BRCA1 gene promoter ↑HMGA1 -> ↑growth in vitro
	Flohr et al, 2003 47	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	HMGA1 expression correlates with tumour grade
	Chiappetta et al, 2004 48	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 in breast carcinomas with expression correlated with erbB2
Cervical	Bandiera et al, 1998 49	Human cell lines and tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 expression in pre-invasive and invasive carcinomas
Colorectal	Fedele et al, 1996 50	Human cell lines and tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 expression in cell lines and tumour tissues No expression in normal epithelium
	Abe et al, 1999 51	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 expression in adenocarcinoma and adenoma with severe atypia
	Kim et al, 1999 52	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 expression in adenocarcinoma No expression in normal epithelium No correlation with clinicopathological variables
	Chiapetta et al, 2001 53	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 expression in adenocarcinoma and adenoma with severe atypia HMGA1 expression associated with early stages of neoplastic transformation
Gastric	Xiang et al, 1997 54	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA levels	↑HMGA1 correlates with tumour grade
	Nam et al, 2003, 55	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 in gastric cancers
Head and neck	Rho et al, 2007 56	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 in squamous cell carcinomas, with higher expression in recurrent cases
Hepatocellular	Abe et al, 2003 57	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	HMGA1 is not overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, but overexpressed in metastatic adenocarcinomas and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas
	Chang et al, 2005 58	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 correlates with disease recurrence and poor prognosis
Leukemia	Pierantoni et al, 2003 59	Human cell lines and tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 in most leukemia tissues and all cell lines studied
	Xu et al, 2004 31	Transgenic mice, human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 results in development of aggressive lymphoma in mice ↑HMGA1 found in leukemia tissues
Neuroblastoma	Giannini et al, 2000 60	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 expression correlates with poor tumour differentiation
Ovarian	Masciullo et al, 2003 61	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 in primary ovarian carcinomas
Pancreatic	Abe et al, 2000 16	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 is diagnostic of carcinoma ↑HMGA1 is benign tumours with atypia
	Nestl et al, 2001 45	Rat cell lines, SSH	HMGA1 expression correlates with metastatic potential
	Tarbe et al, 2001 15	Human cell lines, cDNA microarray analysis	↑HMGA1 associated with metastasis
	Abe et al, 2002 62	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 in IPMT tumors with dysplasia
	Abe et al, 2002 57	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 in liver metastases from pancreatic cancer
Prostate	Bussemakers et al, 1991 63	Rat cell lines, differential hybridization analysis	HMGA1 expression correlates with metastatic potential
	Tamimi et al, 1996 64	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA levels	↑HMGA1 expression in high grade tumors
	Nestl et al, 2001 45	Rat cell lines, SSH	HMGA1 expression correlates with matastatic potential
	Leman et al, 2003 65	Transgenic mice, HMGA1 protein levels	HMGA1 expression correlates with neoplastic transformation
Thyroid	Kim et al, 1989 66	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA levels	↑HMGA1 correlates with diagnosis of carcinoma
	Chiappetta et al, 1995 67	Human cell lines and tissue samples, HMGA1 protein levels	↑HMGA1 expression in cell lines and tumour tissues
	Chiappetta et al, 1998 68	Human tissue samples, HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels	↑HMGA1 is highly diagnostic of carcinoma
	Czyz et al, 2004 69	Human tissue, HMGA1 mRNA levels	↑HMGA1 in follicular carcinomas

SSH: suppression subtractive hybridisation