Table 2.

Major clinical trials on the treatment of hypertension for high-risk patients

Trial name	Patients randomized (n)	Characteristics of study population	Drugs	Duration (years)	Primary endpoint
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE)11	9541	Age ≥55 years with one high-risk condition	Ramipril Placebo	4.5	Ramipril 14.0% versus placebo 17.8% (P < 0.001)
Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE)12	9193	Hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy	Losartan Atenolol	4.8	Losartan 11.0% versus atenolol 12.8% (P = 0.021)
Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcome Trial (ASCOT) blood pressure-lowering arm13	19,257	Hypertension with ≥3 specified risk factors	Amlodipine ± perindopril Atenolol ± bendroflumethiazide-K	5.0	Amlodipine-based 4.5% versus atenolol-based 4.9% (P = 0.105)
Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron-Controlled Evaluation Trial (ADVANCE)14	11,140	Diabetes mellitus	Perindopril ± indapamide Placebo	4.3	Perindopril + indapamide 15.5% versus placebo 16.8% (P = 0.04)
Ongoing Telmisartan alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET)15	25,620	High-risk patients with coronary, peripheral arterial, or cerebrovascular disease, or diabetic patients with target organ damage	Ramipril Telmisartan Ramipril + telmisartan	4.7	Ramipril 16.5% versus telmisartan 16.7% versus ramipril + telmisartan 16.3%
Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND)16	6666	As ONTARGET study with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor intolerance	Telmisartan Placebo	4.7	Telmisartan 15.7% versus placebo 17.0% (P = 0.22)
Avoiding Cardiovascular Events through Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension (ACCOMPLISH)17	11,506	High-risk hypertensive patients	Benazepril + amlodipine Benazepril + hydrochlorothiazide	3.0	Benazepril + amlodipine 9.6% versus benazepril + hydrochlorothiazide 11.6% (P < 0.001)