Table 2.
Selected baseline characteristics of the study participants* (n=92)
| Characteristics | Treatment Group |
P-value** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Placebo (n=23) | Calcium (n=23) | Vitamin D (n=23) | Calcium + Vit. D (n=23) | ||
| Demographics, medical history, habits, anthropometrics | |||||
| Age, years | 58.5 (8.2) | 61.9 (8.2) | 60.2 (8.1) | 62.1 (7.5) | 0.39 |
| Men (%) | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 1.00 |
| White (%) | 74 | 83 | 65 | 61 | 0.39 |
| College graduate (%) | 65 | 61 | 57 | 44 | 0.53 |
| History of colorectal cancer in 1° relative (%) | 17 | 30 | 17 | 13 | 0.60 |
| Take NSAID¥ regularly§ (%) | 22 | 13 | 9 | 22 | 0.60 |
| If woman (n = 28), taking estrogens (%) | 4 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 1.00 |
| Current smoker (%) | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0.61 |
| Take multivitamin (%) | 30 | 30 | 26 | 39 | 0.86 |
| Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | 30.6 (7.2) | 29.4 (5.5) | 28.9 (5.56) | 31.6 (6.0) | 0.44 |
| Mean dietary intakes*** | |||||
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1,596 (528) | 1,788 (691) | 1,848 (821) | 1,845 (752) | 0.59 |
| Total§§ calcium, mg/d | 625 | 678 | 753 | 733 | 0.75 |
| Total§§ vitamin D, IU/d | 279 | 326 | 348 | 401 | 0.50 |
| Total fat, gm/d | 66 | 66 | 61 | 65 | 0.59 |
| Dietary fiber, gm/d | 15 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 0.97 |
| Alcohol intake, gm/d | 8 | 10 | 13 | 9 | 0.84 |
| Total serum vitamin D | |||||
| 25-OH-vitamin D, ng/mL | 20.4 (7.6) | 25.7 (7.6) | 21.0 (8.3) | 20.9 (9.7) | 0.12 |
*
Data are given as means (SD) unless otherwise specified.
**
By Fisher’s exact χ2 test for categorical variables, and ANOVA for continuous variables.
¥
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
§
At least once a week.
***
All nutrients energy adjusted using residual method (49).
§§
Diet plus supplements.