Table 4.

Multivariable risk factors for poor health outcomes: adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs

Outcome	Independent variable		Hazard ratio	95% CI
Legal blindness (diencephalon tumors only, n = 97)	Age at diagnosis	<5 yrs	1.0	0.4–3.0
		≥5 yrs	1.0
	Era	1985–1996	3.3	1.3–8.5
		1997–2007	1.0
	Chemo	Yes	1.2	0.4–3.3
		No	1.0
	Tumor location	Hypothalamic/chiasmatic	11.0	1.6–75.9
		Thalamic/other	1.0
Hearing abnormal	Age at diagnosis	<5 yrs	1.7	0.9–3.5
		≥5 yrs	1.0
	Surgery	GTR	0.7	0.3–1.7
		<GTR	1.0
	RT	Yes	3.4	1.2–9.5
		No	1.0
	Tumor location	Brainstem	2.2	1.1–4.9
		Other	1.0
Field deficit	Chemo	Yes	0.9	0.5–1.5
		No	1.0
	RT	Yes	1.3	0.8–2.3
		No	1.0
	Surgery	GTR	0.8	0.4–1.6
		<GTR	1.0
	Tumor location	Supratentorial	9.3	3.7–23.7
		Infratentorial	1.0
	Era	1985–1996	0.7	0.4–1.2
		1997–2007	1.0
	NF-1	Yes	1.2	0.7–2.2
		No	1.0
Growth hormone deficiency	Chemo	Yes	0.8	0.4–1.4
		No	1.0
	RT	Yes	3.9	1.9–8.2
		No	1.0
	Surgery	GTR	0.2	0.1–0.6
		<GTR	1.0
	Tumor location	Diencephalon	3.5	1.6–7.7
		Other	1.0
	NF-1	Yes	1.1	0.5–2.1
		No	1.0
Hypothyroid	Sex	Male	1.4	0.8–2.5
		Female	1.0
	Chemo	Yes	1.1	0.6–1.9
		No	1.0
	RT	Yes	2.8	1.4–5.4
		No	1.0
	Surgery	GTR	0.5	0.2–1.1
		<GTR	1.0
	Tumor location	Diencephalon	4.0	2.0–8.2
		Other	1.0
	NF-1	Yes	0.7	0.3–1.4
		No	1.0
ACTH deficiency	Sex	Male	1.6	0.9–3.0
		Female	1.0
	Chemo	Yes	0.8	0.4–1.5
		No	1.0
	RT	Yes	4.6	2.1–10.0
		No	1.0
	Surgery	GTR	0.4	0.2–1.2
		<GTR	1.0
	Tumor location	Diencephalon	3.4	1.6–7.3
		Other	1.0
	Era	1985–1996	0.5	0.3–0.9
		1997–2007	1.0
Hyperinsulinism/insulin resistant	Race	White	0.3	0.1–0.7
		Other	1.0
	RT	Yes	1.9	0.8–4.6
		No	1.0
	Surgery	GTR	1.1	0.3–4.0
		<GTR	1.0
	Tumor location	Diencephalon	2.0	0.6–6.1
		Other	1.0
	Era	1985–1996	0.4	0.1–0.9
		1997–2007	1.0
Obese/overweight	Race	White	0.6	0.3–0.9
		Other	1.0
	RT	Yes	1.3	0.8–2.0
		No	1.0
	Chemo	Yes	1.0	0.6–1.5
		No	1.0
	Surgery	GTR	0.7	0.4–1.2
		<GTR	1.0
	Tumor location	Diencephalon	1.8	1.1–2.8
		Other	1.0
	Era	1985–1996	0.7	0.5–1.1
		1997–2007	1.0
Epilepsy	Age at diagnosis	<5 yrs	1.7	0.7–4.0
		≥5 yrs	1.0
	RT	Yes	1.3	0.5–3.2
		No	1.0
	Chemo	Yes	1.0	0.4–2.7
		No	1.0
	Surgery	GTR	0.8	0.3–2.2
		<GTR	1.0
	Tumor location	Supratent	4.8	1.7–14.0
		Infratent	1.0
Seizure	Chemo	Yes	1.0	0.6–1.6
		No	1.0
	Tumor location	Supratent	3.7	2.0–7.0
		Infratent	1.0
Headache	Age at diagnosis	<5 yrs	0.7	0.4–1.1
		≥5 yrs	1.0
	Sex	Male	0.5	0.3–0.8
		Female	1.0
	RT	Yes	0.7	0.4–1.0
		No	1.0
	Era	1985–1996	0.5	0.3–0.8
		1997–2007	1.0
Cranial nerve deficit	Race	White	0.6	0.3–1.2
		Other	1.0
	Surgery	GTR	0.5	0.2–0.9
		<GTR	1.0
	Tumor location	Supratent	0.4	0.2–0.8
		Infratent	1.0

GTR, gross total resection; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; NF-1, neurofibromatosis type 1.

Bold denotes covariates that are independantly statistically significant in the multivariate model.