Figure 1. Potential Metabolic and Clinical Consequences of Overfeeding and the Refeeding Syndrome during Administration of Central Venous Parenteral Nutrition in Patients with Critical Illness.
Hypertriglyceridemia can occur with excess administration of carbohydrates or fat emulsion; excess administration of specific electrolytes in a variety of clinical conditions (e.g., acute kidney injury) can lead to elevated blood levels, whereas inadequate administration, especially during refeeding, can lead to decreased blood levels. Inadequate energy provision in relation to the dose of amino acids can contribute to azotemia.