Table 4.
Maternal sleep (PSQI)
| Baseline | Week 2 | Week 3 | ANOVA |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | WL | F | P | ES |
| Bedtime | |||||||
| Control | 10.85 (1.12) | 10.83 (0.99) | 10.94 (1.08) | 0.979 | 0.88 | 0.415 | 0.021 |
| Internet | 10.88 (1.14) | 10.67 (1.07) | 10.68 (1.17) | 0.919 | 4.12 | 0.019 | 0.081 |
| Internet & Routine | 10.84 (1.00) | 10.64 (1.03) | 10.76 (0.95) | 0.912 | 3.98 | 0.022 | 0.088 |
| Sleep Onset Latency | |||||||
| Control | 23.33 (21.33) | 23.18 (22.59) | 21.93 (34.67) | 0.997 | 0.12 | 0.892 | 0.003 |
| Interneta,c | 25.19 (19.16) | 20.21 (13.16) | 17.16 (12.24) | 0.723 | 18.03 | < 0.001 | 0.277 |
| Internet & Routinea,c | 26.99 (23.35) | 18.30 (13.62) | 16.43 (13.91) | 0.799 | 10.32 | < 0.001 | 0.201 |
| Waketime | |||||||
| Control | 6.57 (0.93) | 6.71 (0.95) | 6.79 (0.91) | 0.943 | 2.46 | 0.092 | 0.057 |
| Internet | 6.66 (1.10) | 6.70 (1.04) | 6.82 (1.04) | 0.887 | 5.98 | 0.004 | 0.113 |
| Internet & Routine | 6.53 (0.92) | 6.57 (0.96) | 6.78 (1.01) | 0.895 | 4.80 | 0.011 | 0.105 |
| Total Sleep Time | |||||||
| Control | 6.81 (1.15) | 7.02 (1.28) | 7.12 (1.19) | 0.913 | 3.82 | 0.026 | 0.087 |
| Interneta,c | 6.58 (1.16) | 6.99 (1.05) | 7.30 (1.01) | 0.657 | 24.58 | < 0.001 | 0.343 |
| Internet & Routinea,c | 6.71 (1.11) | 7.15 (1.13) | 7.49 (1.15) | 0.655 | 21.16 | < 0.001 | 0.345 |
| Night Wakings | |||||||
| Controla | 3.51 (2.82) | 2.43 (2.04) | 2.20 (1.94) | 0.792 | 10.77 | < 0.001 | 0.208 |
| Interneta,c | 3.72 (2.87) | 2.87 (2.33) | 2.29 (2.67) | 0.764 | 14.54 | < 0.001 | 0.236 |
| Internet & Routinea | 3.14 (2.19) | 2.10 (2.02) | 1.79 (1.71) | 0.781 | 11.52 | < 0.001 | 0.219 |
| Time Awake Night | |||||||
| Control | 18.59 (13.60) | 19.30 (13.63) | 20.39 (29.99) | 0.994 | 0.19 | 0.825 | 0.006 |
| Interneta | 24.75 (18.36) | 18.03 (13.08) | 17.65 (15.69) | 0.846 | 6.63 | 0.002 | 0.154 |
| Internet & Routinea | 23.93 (23.75) | 15.31 (10.65) | 17.61 (21.81) | 0.807 | 7.07 | 0.002 | 0.193 |
| Sleep Efficiency | |||||||
| Control | 88.98 (13.26) | 89.60 (12.52) | 90.36 (9.99) | 0.989 | 0.43 | 0.652 | 0.011 |
| Internetb,c | 84.98 (12.79) | 87.21 (9.70) | 90.51 (10.67) | 0.801 | 11.67 | < 0.001 | 0.199 |
| Internet & Routineb,c | 87.47 (10.75) | 90.23 (8.46) | 93.80 (10.82) | 0.722 | 15.77 | < 0.001 | 0.278 |
| Global Sleep Quality‡ | |||||||
| Controla,c | 8.62 (2.29) | 7.90 (1.38) | 7.23 (2.49) | 0.733 | 14.92 | < 0.001 | 0.267 |
| Interneta,c | 9.23 (2.46) | 7.55 (2.20) | 6.49 (2.06) | 0.489 | 49.15 | < 0.001 | 0.511 |
| Internet & Routinea,c | 9.10 (2.19) | 7.07 (2.10) | 6.05 (2.22) | 0.384 | 65.84 | < 0.001 | 0.616 |
A one way repeated measures ANOVA was utilized to analyze group differences over time. ^Lower scores are better.
a
Significant difference between baseline/week 2 and baseline/week 3.
b
Significant difference between baseline and week 3.
c
Significant difference between week 2 and week 3.
‡
Significant interaction. WL, Wilks lambda; ES, Effect size as partial Eta2 where 0.10 = small effect, 0.25 = moderate effect, and 0.40 = large.