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. 2011 Mar 1;104(6):1027–1037. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.37

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Copyright © 2011 Cancer Research UK

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Effects of FXR antagonist guggulsterone on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. DMSO, control; GS, guggulsterone. (A) MIA-PaCa2 and PANC-1 cells were treated with 5, 10, and 20 μM GS or DMSO for the indicated time periods before cell numbers were estimated using CCK-8 assay. (B, C) MIA-PaCa2 and PANC-1 cells were treated with 10 μM GS for 48 h. Cells were placed in serum-free culture media and added into the upper compartment of a migration or invasion chamber. After 24 h, cells in the upper chamber were removed and cells that had migrated (B) or invaded (C) onto the lower surface of the membrane were fixed and stained with Wright–Giemsa. The relative-fold migration and invasion values of GS-treated cells were normalised against DMSO-treated cells and expressed as percentages of the control, which was assumed to be 100%. Columns, mean of three independent experiments; bars, s.e.m. ^*P<0.05; ^**P<0.01.

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