Table 2.

Summary of RDH Knockout Mouse Studies^a

Model	Morphology	ERG	Dark Adaptation (ERG)	Retinoid Profile (dark)	Retinoid Profile (bleach)
Rdh8−/−	Normal	Normal	↑↑ Delayed	Normal	↑ all-trans retinal ↓ retinyl esters
Rdh12−/−	↓ OS (10 months)	Normal	↑ Delayed	Normal	↑↑ all-trans retinal
Rdh8−/−Rdh12−/−	↓ OS (3 months)	Decreased	↑↑↑ Delayed	Normal	↑ all-trans retinal
Rdh5−/−	Normal	Normal	↑↑ Delayed	↑ 11-cis retinol ↑ cis-retinyl esters	↑ 11-cis retinol ↑ cis-retinyl esters
Rdh11−/−	Normal	Normal	↑ Delayed	Normal	Normal
Rdh5−/−Rdh11−/−	Normal	Decreased	↑↑↑ Delayed	↑ cis-retinyl esters	↑ cis-retinyl esters

^aReferences are noted in text but are as follows for each knockout: Rdh8^−/− (Maeda et al., 2005), Rdh12^−/− (Maeda et al., 2006; Kurth et al., 2007; Maeda et al., 2007), Rdh8^−/−Rdh12^−/− (Maeda et al., 2007), Rdh5^−/− (Driessen et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2005), Rdh11^−/− (Kedishvili et al., 2002; Kasus-Jacobi et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2005), Rdh5^−/−Rdh11^−/− (Kim et al., 2005)