Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Feb 4;98(3):349–355. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.001

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of PDE4 inhibitor NCGC00168459 on pleasure-seeking behavior as assessed by the FUST at Day 3 in mice that developed helplessness after undergoing the LH paradigm. Mice identified as having developed helplessness received an icv infusion of vehicle, negative control compound, or NCGC00168459 for 14 days. At Day 3, odor (water vs. urine), treatment (vehicle, or NCGC00168459), and interaction were all found to significantly affect sniffing duration (a) (two-way repeated measures ANOVA, F-odor(1,53)=216.3, p<0.0001; F-treatment(2,53)=5.993, p=0.0045; F-interaction(2,53)=7.912, p=0.0010). PDE4 inhibitor NCGC00168459 infusion significantly increased length of time spent sniffing urine compared to vehicle (Bonferroni post-test, t=4.010, p<0.001) and negative control (Bonferroni post-test, t=4.606, p<0.001). Treatment significantly influenced sniffing preference (b) (one-way ANOVA, F(2,53)=4.404, p=0.0172). Infusion of NCGC00168459, but not negative control, significantly increased sniffing preference (b) (Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison Test; negative control, t=1.665, p>0.05; PDE4 inhibitor II, t=2.960, p>0.01). Mice were also tested for recovery from helplessness using the active avoidance test. Treatment had no significant effect on latency to escape (c) or on number of escape failures (d). Data are mean ± SD. *: p<0.05.