Table 3.
Characteristics of women without depressed mood by diabetes status in the Nurses’ Health Study in 1996 (n=56857)a
| Confirmed Diabetes Status | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (ref) | Total diabetics | Yes, without any hypoglycemic agents |
Yes, with oral hypoglycemic agents |
Yes, with insulin therapy |
P Valueb | |
| No. of women | 54166 (95.3) | 2691 (4.7) | 1185 (2.1) | 1039 (1.8) | 467 (0.8) | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 61.5 (7.0) | 63.9 (6.7) | 64.1 (6.8) | 63.6 (6.5) | 63.8 (6.5) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 26.1 (4.9) | 30.1 (6.0) | 28.9 (5.6) | 31.2 (6.1) | 30.9 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | 24877 (45.9) | 1263 (46.9) | 557 (47.0) | 498 (47.9) | 208 (44.5) | |
| Past | 22960 (42.4) | 1160 (43.1) | 511 (43.1) | 436 (42.0) | 213 (45.6) | 0.041 |
| Current | 6329 (11.7) | 268 (10.0) | 117 (9.9) | 105 (10.1) | 46 (9.9) | |
| Alcohol consumption, g/d | ||||||
| No | 23100 (42.7) | 1649 (64.6) | 702 (59.2) | 711 (68.4) | 335 (71.7) | |
| 0.1–4.9 | 16387 (30.3) | 607 (23.8) | 298 (25.2) | 238 (22.9) | 96 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| 5.0+ | 14679 (27.1) | 297 (11.6) | 185 (15.6) | 90 (8.7) | 36 (7.7) | |
| Physical active, ≥9 MET-hrs/wk | 31612 (58.4) | 1207 (44.9) | 577 (48.7) | 446 (42.9) | 184 (39.4) | <0.001 |
| Marital status, having spouse | 43060 (79.5) | 2059 (76.5) | 915 (77.2) | 793 (76.3) | 351 (75.2) | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes | 14349 (26.5) | 1468 (54.6) | 588 (49.6) | 591 (56.9) | 289 (61.9) | <0.001 |
| Whole Grains Consumption, g/d | ||||||
| <10 | 16596 (30.6) | 883 (32.8) | 388 (32.7) | 350 (33.7) | 145 (31.1) | |
| 10–20 | 14325 (26.5) | 659 (24.5) | 296 (25.0) | 251 (24.2) | 112 (24.0) | 0.154 |
| 20+ | 23245 (42.9) | 1149 (42.7) | 501 (42.3) | 438 (42.2) | 210 (45.0) | |
| Coffee consumption, cups/d | ||||||
| <1 | 16659 (30.8) | 1005 (37.4) | 452 (38.1) | 384 (37.0) | 169 (36.2) | |
| 1–3 | 28296 (52.2) | 1374 (51.1) | 594 (50.1) | 531 (51.1) | 249 (53.3) | <0.001 |
| 4+ | 9211 (17.0) | 312 (11.6) | 139 (11.7) | 124 (11.9) | 49 (10.5) | |
| Red/processed meat consumption, serving/d | ||||||
| <1 | 20762 (38.3) | 873 (32.4) | 430 (36.3) | 306 (29.5) | 137 (29.3) | |
| 1–2 | 20445 (37.8) | 977 (36.3) | 411 (34.7) | 395 (38.0) | 171 (36.6) | <0.001 |
| 2+ | 12959 (23.9) | 841 (31.3) | 344 (29.0) | 338 (32.5) | 159 (34.1) | |
| Soft drinks consumption, can/wk | ||||||
| <1 | 39560 (73.0) | 2259 (84.0) | 949 (80.1) | 885 (85.2) | 425 (91.0) | |
| 1–2 | 3962 (7.3) | 104 (3.9) | 63 (5.3) | 33 (3.2) | 8 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| 3+ | 10644 (19.7) | 328 (12.2) | 173 (14.6) | 121 (11.7) | 34 (7.3) | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; MHI-5, five-item Mental Health Index;
a
Data were presented as n (%) or otherwise specified.
b
P value was used to compare the differences of selected characteristics between non-diabetics with the three categories of diabetic participants. For categorical covariates, the P value was generated from the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square tests. For continuous covariates, the P value was generated from Analysis of Variance.