Table 4.
Relative risk (95% CI) of incident clinical depression according to diabetes status between 1996 and 2006
| Confirmed diabetes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome (Clinical Depression) |
No (ref) | Yes | Yes, without any hypoglycemic medications |
Yes, with oral hypoglycemic agents |
Yes, with insulin therapy |
| No. of cases/person-yrs | 6818/446641 | 597/28081 | 228/11390 | 262/12599 | 107/4094 |
| Incident rate,a per 1000 person-yrs | 15.3 | 21.3 | 20.0 | 20.8 | 26.2 |
| Age-adjusted modela | 1.00 | 1.44 (1.33–1.57) | 1.36 (1.19–1.55) | 1.42 (1.25–1.60) | 1.78 (1.47–2.15) |
| Basic modelb | 1.00 | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) | 1.34 (1.18–1.53) | 1.40 (1.24–1.59) | 1.75 (1.45–2.12) |
| Multivariable-adjusted without BMIc | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.23–1.46) | 1.28 (1.12–1.46) | 1.30 (1.15–1.48) | 1.61 (1.32–1.95) |
| Multivariable-adjusted with BMId | 1.00 | 1.29 (1.18–1.40) | 1.25 (1.09–1.42) | 1.24 (1.09–1.41) | 1.53 (1.26–1.85) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Adjusted for age in 5-year categories.
Adjusted for age in 5-year categories, family history of diabetes, and marital status (yes/no).
Adjusted for the terms in the basic model and lifestyle factors,, including alcohol consumption (never, 0–4.9 g/d, 5+ g/d), smoking status (never/past/current), physical activity level (<9, ≥9 MET-hrs/wk), coffee (<1, 1–3, 4+ cups/d), whole grain (<10, 10–19, 20+ g/d), red/processed meat (<1, 1–1.9, 2+ servings/d), soft drinks (<1, 1–2, 3+ cans/wk).
Further adjusted for body mass index categories (<25, 25.0–29.9, ≥30 kg/m2).