Table 2.
Mean intake of HCA and MDM by meat type in women in the Nurses Health Study
| PhIP | MeIQx | DiMeIQx | Meat derived mutagenic activity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) (ng/day) | Percentage (%) | Mean (SD) (ng/day) | Percentage (%) | Mean (SD) (ng/day) | Percentage (%) | Mean (SD) (revertants/day) | Percentage (%) | |
| All sources | 92.1 (94.5) | 100 | 18.5 (19.3) | 100 | 2.4 (2.7) | 100 | 3604 (3355) | 100 |
| Pan-fried chicken | 6.1 (14.7) | 6.6 | 0.8 (1.9) | 4.5 | 0.02 (0.10) | 1.0 | 473 (1170) | 13.0 |
| Broiled chicken | 17.8 (30.7) | 19.3 | 0.4 (0.7) | 1.9 | 0.003 (0.11) | 0.1 | 764 (1347) | 21.2 |
| Grilled chicken | 37.0 (62.5) | 40.2 | 1.0 (2.0) | 5.5 | 0.84 (1.74) | 34.4 | 687 (1096) | 19.1 |
| Grilled steak | 21.2 (37.8) | 23.0 | 2.6 (4.2) | 13.9 | 0 | 0 | 476 (990) | 13.2 |
| Pan-fried steak | 5.0 (17.3) | 5.4 | 3.7 (10.9) | 19.8 | 0.32 (1.14) | 12.9 | 372 (1746) | 10.3 |
| Homemade beef gravy | 0.84 (3.4) | 0.9 | 2.0 (5.8) | 10.8 | 0.22 (0.90) | 9.0 | 214 (668) | 5.9 |
| Pan-fried bacon | 4.2 (8.6) | 4.6 | 3.8 (7.7) | 20.5 | 0.44 (0.90) | 18.1 | 234 (477) | 6.5 |
| Pan-fried hamburger | 0 | 0 | 4.3 (4.2) | 23.0 | 0.60 (0.59) | 24.5 | 385 (381) | 10.7 |
Abbreviations:
SD=Standard deviation
MeIQx=2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5,-f] quinoxaline;
DiMeIQx=2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo [4,5,-f];
PhiP=2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine