Table 3.

Comparison of major diagnostic morphological characteristics between the newly segregated genera.

Character	Campylocarpon (Clade A)	Rugonectria (Clade A)	Thelonectria (Clade A)	Ilyonectria (Clade B)	Neonectria (Clade B)
Teleomorph groups (Booth 1959, Brayford & Samuels 1993, Samuels & Brayford 1994)	–	N. rugulosa-group	N. mammoidea /veuillotiana-groups	N. radicicola-group	N. coccinea-group
Anamorph groups (Booth 1966)	–		Group 2	Group 3	Groups 1 & 4
Arrangement of perithecia on substrate	Teleomorph unknown	Perithecia, formed on, or sometimes partially immersed within a stroma	Perithecia solitary or in groups, superficial, sometimes seated on an immersed inconspicuous stroma	Generally solitary and loosely attached to substrate	Perithecia clustered on wood, generally seated on an erumpent stroma
Perithecial apex	–	Non-papillate	Most species with a prominent, areolate (darkened) papilla, if not, then at least with a darkly pigmented apex	Broadly conical papilla	Blunt or acute apex, rarely papillate
Perithecial wall	–	Warted, 50–150 μm thick; outer region, including warts, of thick-walled (3–4 μm), globose, 10–20 μm diam; perithecial wall merging with surrounding stroma	Smooth or sometimes warted, 20–50 (–100) μm thick; outer region of intertwined hyphae or cells lacking a definite outline, i.e. textura epidermoidea	Generally smooth to slightly roughened, 35–50 μm thick; outer region of thin-walled, globose, large cells	Generally smooth and shiny, sometimes scurfy, 35–50 μm thick; outer region of small, angular to globose, thick-walled cells (textura epidermoidea in one species)
Ascospores	–	1-septate, striate	Generally 1-septate, smooth, rarely spinulose or striate	1-septate, smooth	1-septate, smooth or finely ornamented
Macroconidia shape	Fusiform, curved, often broadest at upper third, with rounded apical cells and flattened or rounded basal cells, inconspicuous hilum	Fusiform, curved, tapering towards ends (almost Fusarium-like), inconspicuous hilum	Fusiform, curved, often broadest at upper third, with rounded apical cells and flattened or rounded basal cells, inconspicuous hilum	Cylindrical, straight, rounded ends, prominent basal hilum	Cylindrical, generally straight, sometimes slightly curved toward ends, with rounded ends (except in one species, N. fuckeliana, which has fusiform straight conidia with pointed ends); inconspicuous hilum
Macroconidia septation	(1–) 3–5 (–6)-septate, average 4 septa	(3–) 5–7 (–9)-septate	(3–) 5–7 (–9)-septate, average 5	1–3-septate, rarely > 3-septate	3–7 (–9)-septate, average 5-septate
Macroconidia size	(24–) 35–60 (–62) × 6.5–9 μm	(35–) 48–85 × 5–10 μm	(35–) 40–90 (–110) × 4–8 (–11) μm	25–50 (–55) × 5–7.5 μm	35–65 (–110) × 4–7 (–8) μm
Microconidia shape	Absent	Ovoid to cylindrical, hilum inconspicuous	Microconidia rare (seen only on natural substrate)	Ellipsoidal, prominent basal hilum	Ellipsoidal to oblong, inconspicuous hilum
Microconidia size	Absent	(3–) 5–15 (–20) × 2–5 μm	–	3–15 × 2.5–5 (–6) μm	(2–) 6–10 (–15) × (1–) 2–5 (–6) μm
Chlamydospores	Uncommon	Absent	Uncommon (except in T. olida = C. olidum)	Abundant, generally intercalary, single or in chains, becoming brownish	Present in some species
Substrate	Pathogenic on roots and stems of grapevines	On bark of recently killed, dying or diseased trees, often causing cankers	On bark of recently killed, dying or diseased trees, often causing small cankers, sometimes on rotting roots	Generally a root pathogen. Anamorph common in the soil. Perithecia found mostly on decaying herbaceous material, sometimes branches or roots.	Generally on bark, sometimes causing cankers
Geographic distribution	South Africa, Uruguay	Widespread	Widespread, but more common in tropical regions	Widespread	Mostly in temperate regions