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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Immunol Rev. 2011 Feb 1;7(1):104–115. doi: 10.2174/157339511794474181

Fig. (2).

Fig. (2)

Macrophage defects with advanced a ge. Arrows (↑, ↓ or ↔) denote increased, decreased or unaltered levels in the aged compared to the young. Abbreviations: IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LBP, LPS-binding protein; JNK, janus kinase; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; I-κB, inhibitor of κB; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappaB; COX, cyclooxygenase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; IL, interleukin.